Multi-project environmental impact assessment: insights from offshore oil and gas development in Brazil

Despite being adopted worldwide, environmental impact assessment (EIA) is under pressure in many countries, while perceived (rightly or wrongly) as an ineffective and inefficient process. Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is thought to help address some of EIA’s shortcomings, but it is absent in many jurisdictions and sectors. In this paper, we argue that multi-project EIA can, in some contexts, simultaneously deliver greater effectiveness and process streamlining. To illustrate our claim, we present a case study from offshore petroleum production in Brazil, where the development of the pre-salt giant reserves is being licensed through a multi-project EIA approach, in a non-SEA planning environment. The analysis provides interesting insights on the strengths and challenges of that strategy, focusing on five aspects of practice: cumulative impacts, efficiency, approach to authorizations, follow-up and political issues. Proper scoping was found to be essential to consistent EIA processes and shorter review times. Finally, we suggest that multi-project EIA approach should be revisited by practitioners and regulators to identify opportunities for deployment, especially in jurisdictions where strategic assessments are not in place.     

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) screening and scoping of extraterrestrial exploration and development projects

Numerous space missions are planned by government agencies and private companies, with objectives including scientific research, prospecting for and mining resources, and establishing human settlements. These projects have potential to affect the extraterrestrial environment. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an important tool for assessing the potential impact of projects on Earth’s environment. However, the legal requirements to undertake EIA for extraterrestrial projects are limited and most EIAs that have been conducted have not considered impacts beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Technical barriers to extraterrestrial EIA also need to be overcome, including a lack of guidelines and methodologies. This paper addresses the latter issue by identifying the extraterrestrial impacts that may arise from space projects and relating them to the environmental topic areas in the European EIA Directive. An example is then provided of how EIA screening and scoping can be undertaken for the extraterrestrial elements of space projects, using six scenarios. Effective EIA screening and scoping is key to deciding whether EIA is required and if so which topic areas should be included.     

智能家居综合布线系统及设计简述

有线电视、电话、宽带上网、卫星电视、安全监控、信息家电等都已走进千家万户，在家庭装修中将弱电系统布线按照国标进行设计正在成为一种趋势，智能家居综合布线系统设计就是依照国标对各种线缆、配线设备和信息插座进行合理配置管理的预设方案。     

GIS环评可视化的自适应图形处理方法

为表现环境影响评价信息的空间特征与属性特征的关系,提出基于GIS的点源大气环评可视化的自适应图形处理方法。针对现有图形处理技术在GIS开发中的不足,提出基于大气污染物浓度分布的自适应网格划分方法和一种新的等值线、区域填充快速生成算法,实现对GIS环评结果的快速可视化显示与分析。     

一株有模拟CEA表位作用的抗独特型抗体

为了获得 CEA(癌胚抗原)表位内影象型抗体(抗独特型抗体 Ab_2 β),我们选用同系小鼠作为免疫动物,从而避免了用异种动物制备 Ab_2 时碰到的抗同种抗体和抗同种异型抗体对分析工作的干扰。抗 CEA 单克隆抗体(MAb)C50免疫同系 BALB/c 小鼠后,应用杂交瘤技术获得了2株 MAb,对其中一株 ID56进一步鉴定,发现 ID56仅与 C50有结合作用。不与另外2株抗 CEAMAb C6和 C14结合,ID56还能抑制 C50与 CEA 的结合反应,其腹水的竞争抑制效价为1∶64左右。ID56免疫同系小鼠产生了抗血清Ab_3 与 CEA 结合效价达1∶160,从而表明 MAb 56是 C50所识别的表位内影象。     

安全填埋场地下水环境影响评价情景优化设置

在安全填埋场的地下水环境影响评价中,污染途径、边界条件、控制方程等均存在不确定性。本文首先对这些造成环境影响评价结果不确定性的来源进行了定性识别。随后以某安全填埋场为例,采用多参数序列表达不确定性来源及程度,通过构建多套模拟情景,采用MODFLOW和MT3DMS进行数值模拟。计算结果表明:对以垂向运动为主的地下水系统,丰、平、枯等地下水流场对地下水中污染物的浓度增量、空间分布范围影响较小,地下水流场情景设置可简化,仅设丰、平两组;污染负荷是控制地下水污染物浓度的关键因素,其中地下水中有机物受污染范围由渗滤液负荷范围决定,且受污染物吸附-降解特性等反应项参数影响,渗滤液中重金属的影响范围由水力弥散度等弥散项参数决定。     

城市规划与规划环评融合的思考与实践

从城市规划生态化和规划环境影响评价的现状与问题出发,探讨了城市规划与规划环评融合的思路和方法,并通过案例分析了它们融合的可能性和可行性.结果表明,城市规划与规划环评的融合不仅能够有效解决规划环评现状存在的问题,而且能够有效促进城市规划的生态化,促进城市的可持续发展.     

流域开发的可持续性研究

流域开发环境影响评价作为较高层次的环境管理决策与规划手段,并非要取代单个项目的环境影响评价,而是作为一种补充手段以完善环境管理体系.但目前国内的环境容量与总量控制的研究是一种规划控制的思路与方法,侧重环境本身承载力分析,在决策手段方面,流域开发环境影响评价并不是最终的协调环境与经济、社会发展的手段,建立一个流域开发可持续性研究的判断依据才是最终保证环境可持续与经济发展的手段.     

非污染生态环境影响评价若干问题的探讨

结合实例,对非污染生态环境影响评价中评价范围的确定与评价尺度的选取、定性与定量的灵活性、公众参与的特殊性、管理方式的适应性等问题进行了探讨。     

Mollow谱线与电磁诱导透明和吸收的叠加

对双耦合场作用下的Λ型三能级系统的透明和吸收特性进行了理论研究。在二能级系统中,强耦合场和探测场同时作用于激发态能级和基态能级之间,探测吸收曲线上出现Mollow谱线。在激发态能级和基态的另一精细结构能级之间引入另一个耦合场,构成Λ型三能级系统。在这个双耦合Λ型三能级系统中,出现了一些新的量子相干现象。结果表明,探测吸收谱线中不仅有Mollow现象,还出现了电磁诱导透明(EIT)和电磁诱导吸收(EIA)。分析了EIT和EIA的位置随双耦合场参数的变化规律,并用缀饰态理论做出了解释。