区域环评中大气环境容量计算及总量控制探讨

分析了大气环境容量的计算方法，并以上海市4个开发区为评价对象进行了实例计算，结果表明对于面积较大、引进行业用能又较高的开发区，应建设集中供热系统或使用清洁燃料(天然气或轻油)替代燃煤，以全面实现区域大气环境保护目标，促进区域可持续发展。     

预拌混凝土生命周期环境影响评价

预拌混凝土是目前重点推广和用量巨大的建筑材料。为客观评价预拌混凝土的环境影响,基于BEPAS(Building Environmental Performance Analysis System)评价系统,从六种等级预拌混凝土(C30～C100)的生产、施工、拆除三个阶段的资源和能源消耗基础数据收集入手,建立了各等级预拌混凝土的投入产出清单。依据更新的货币化环境影响评价权重,得到了单位体积预拌混凝土的生命周期社会意愿支付值。此外,给出了基于6个模拟算例的混凝土框架结构的环境影响评价结果。结果表明:单一预拌混凝土材料的环境影响随等级提高而上升;对于框架结构,C50和C60高强预拌混凝土兼具环境表现和经济效果良好的特点。     

Spatial and temporal variability of fine particle composition and source types in five cities of Connecticut and Massachusetts

To protect public health from PM_2.5 air pollution, it is critical to identify the source types of PM_2.5 mass and chemical components associated with higher risks of adverse health outcomes. Source apportionment modeling using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), was used to identify PM_2.5 source types and quantify the source contributions to PM_2.5 in five cities of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Spatial and temporal variability of PM_2.5 mass, components and source contributions were investigated. PMF analysis identified five source types: regional pollution as traced by sulfur, motor vehicle, road dust, oil combustion and sea salt. The sulfur-related regional pollution and traffic source type were major contributors to PM_2.5. Due to sparse ground-level PM_2.5 monitoring sites, current epidemiological studies are susceptible to exposure measurement errors. The higher correlations in concentrations and source contributions between different locations suggest less spatial variability, resulting in less exposure measurement errors. When concentrations and/or contributions were compared to regional averages, correlations were generally higher than between-site correlations. This suggests that for assigning exposures for health effects studies, using regional average concentrations or contributions from several PM_2.5 monitors is more reliable than using data from the nearest central monitor.     

道路交通量预测方法研究

针对道路交通噪声预测中,交通量换算方法繁乱冗杂的现象,以某道路工程可研资料提供的高峰小时交通量为例,首先换算出预测特征年高峰小时交通量,再通过数学模型换算出年平均日交通量、平均小时交通量,然后结合预测的车型比计算出所需交通量,以期为预测道路交通噪声环评工作者提供帮助。     

An expert system for the identification of environmental impact based on a geographic information system

The identification and assessment of the environmental impacts of engineering projects is an essential step in studies on environmental impact (IES). There are methods that allow both tasks to be performed and methods that allow each of them to be carried out separately. Normally, traditional methods are used to identify and evaluate environmental impacts, such as matrices, cause-effect network diagrams or check lists. Here we report the configuration of an expert system as a tool that allows environmental impacts to be identified. The expert system is based on a geographic information system to configure the knowledge base, the inference motor and the user interface. The knowledge base comprises declarative knowledge (structured in an alphanumeric and spatial database from official cartographic information) and procedural knowledge (via heuristic rules that superimpose project actions over environmental factors). We then describe the application of the expert system to the study of the environmental impact of the R-3 motorway in the Community of Madrid, Spain. As results, running the expert system allows the identification of environmental impacts on environmental factors defined at the 1:5000 and 1:25000 cartographic scales. Finally, analysis of the results or conclusions allows the validity of the use of graphic expert systems to be compared for the identification of environmental impacts.     

The SDGs and the sustainability assessment of private-sector projects: theoretical conceptualisation and comparison with current practice using the case study of the Asian Development Bank

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are receiving increasing attention in the private sector; however ex post assessment of operational sustainability performance remains well in advance of ex ante sustainability assessment of capital projects. It is also not yet commonplace to structure emergent forms of sustainability assessment to support the SDGs explicitly. This article reviews theoretical frameworks that aim to conceptualise sustainability assessment, and then explores the potential to develop SDG-focussed forms for use at the project-level. The extent of enhancement needed to current practice is illustrated using the case study of the Asian Development Bank. This analysis reveals that sustainability is being presented as a goal of project-level assessment and there has been progress towards delivering on this by, in particular, extending the thematic coverage. Amongst the key challenges remaining are how to address trade-offs (typically unavoidable for projects) and how to connect the SDGs, set at a global level, to the local-level where projects are considered. These findings, which reveal the gap between theory and practice, can inform efforts to develop SDG-focussed sustainability assessment.     

关于增强煤炭矿区总体规划环评对煤矿建设项目环评指导的建议

 近年来煤炭矿区总体规划环评工作开展情况良好,到目前为止,已有80余个国家规划矿区编制了总体规划环境影响报告书,部分评价结论被规划编制和审批部门采纳,发挥了积极作用。但总体来看,报告书编制仍普遍存在宏观性不足、评价深度不够、评价思路和方法与项目环评雷同等问题,影响了对煤矿建设项目环评指导作用的发挥。因此,如何开拓评价思路,深化评价内容,是提高煤炭矿区总体规划环评有效性的关键所在。本文针对上述问题,分别从建设规模和时序、井田划分、空间布局、资源综合利用、居民搬迁安置等方面提出了对策建议。     

低中放固体废物处置场选址规划环境影响评价方法研究

建造低、中水平放射性固体废物处置场,对低中放废物进行安全处置是降低低中放废物管理的环境风险、减少对环境和公众影响的必要途径。而对全国低中固体废物处置场进行选址规划有利于合理布置处置场、合理利用资源以及减少对公众和环境的影响。为了减少规划实施后可能对环境产生的影响,需要对《我国低中水平放射性固体废物处置场所选址规划》进行环境影响评价。本文对如何开展这类规划的环境影响评价进行了探讨。     

人类行为解释与转换系统的多通道进化框架研究

人类行为解释系统已经成为不同学科都感兴趣的研究课题.人类行为的本质是多通道的,本文通过大量的文献分析,总结了研究人类行为解释系统的各种方法,进而提出一种人类行为解释系统的框架.该框架的主要内容包括数据表达、数据流、背景、定义数据集及其表达、数据分析、解释、应用开发、系统工程及可拓学方法等.总结了上述有助于人类行为解释系统进化的框架.在结论中,提出了一个三阶段进化框架,包括根据应用需求训练系统、系统的运行、对预期行为的转化.     

居住环境适宜性在房地产项目环评中的应用

房地产类开发项目环境管理是建设项目环境管理的重要内容之一.分析了此类项目环境影响评价的特点,筛选有关的评价因子、指标,采用适当的评价方法进行量化,提出了居住环境适宜性评价指标体系和评价方法,以期完善、充实房地产开发项目的环境影响评价体系和方法,并指导房地产开发项目环境影响评价工作.