火花点火式沼气发动机高效燃烧的研究

国内对火花点火式沼气发动机的研究甚少，生产的沼气发动机在运行中出现热负荷高、可靠性与经济性差的问题．本文从分析沼气燃烧特点出发，提出了改善火花点火式沼气发动机性能的快速燃烧方法，并开发出具有风扇形燃烧室的新型快速燃烧系统。实验研究表明这种新型燃烧系统对改善火花点火式沼气发动机的可靠性与经济性具有明显的效果     

Biodegradation of heavy oil by fungal extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus spp. shows potential to enhance oil recovery

Microbial enhanced oil recovery makes a substantial contribution to the recovery of heavy oils; however, most methods use bacteria, with less attention paid to the potential of fungi. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of fungal extracellular enzymes in biotransformation of heavy oil fractions into light compounds. Two Aspergillus isolates (A. terreus and A. nidulans) with the ability to biodegrade heavy oil were isolated from bitumen. The extracellular enzymes from these Aspergillus isolates exhibited dehydrogenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities. The biodegradation of heavy oil was coupled with abundant production of gases, mainly CO₂ and H₂. Gas chromatography analysis revealed a redistribution of n-alkanes in heavy oil after treatment with crude enzyme extracts, which resulted in an increase in individual n-alkanes. The viscosity of heavy oil was decreased considerably by enzymatic degradation. These results demonstrate the potential of fungal extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus spp. for applications in enhanced heavy oil recovery.     

玉米苞皮沼气发酵潜力的研究

本实验以玉米苞皮为原料,采用批量发酵工艺,进行发酵产沼气实验,实验结果表明,玉米苞皮是一种较好的沼气发酵原料,其沼气发酵潜力为506mL／gTS,612mL/gVS。     

Design of 3 kW integrated power generation system from solar and biogas

Energy/Power is an important element of social and economic development. Without availability of energy at a reasonable price, there is little prospect of developing the country's economy and people's living conditions. A quarter of Pakistani population have no access to electricity, and currently a shortage of 5.0–7.0 GW power supply causes load shedding/blackout problems. In Pakistan, most of the power is generated from non-renewable sources like natural gas etc. Pakistan receives almost 15.525 × 10¹⁴ kW-hour of solar energy per year and sunshine duration is normally 8.0–10.0 h per day. Animal/farm wastes are readily available in Pakistan. Residues from these sources produce 103.0 billion m³ of biogas per year that is equivalent to 63.20 TWh. The objective of this study is energy production by using easily available indigenous resources. In this study a 3.0 kW integrated solar/biogas power generation system consist of 2.84 kW solar system and 4.0 m³ biogas system is designed and installed. This paper also present simulation model of system. A hybrid inverter is used to convert DC power of photovoltaic modules and the battery bank in to AC power and combines with the output power of biogas generator. Performance of the hybrid system are analysed from May 1, 2018 to June 15, 2018. During the test maximum power produce by the integrated system is 1.10 kW in morning, 2.14 kW in noon and 1.16 kW in afternoon.     

高有机负荷下的稻草两级/单级CSTR厌氧消化工艺性能研究

文章以稻草为原料,采用两级和单级厌氧消化工艺,在较高有机负荷(100,120,140 g/L)下对稻草的消化性能进行了研究。研究结果表明:当有机负荷分别为100,120,140 g/L时,两级厌氧消化系统的产甲烷效率分别比单级厌氧消化系统提高了8.8%,11.5%,11.8%;两级厌氧消化系统的产甲烷量主要集中在第一级,随着有机负荷的提高,第二级的产甲烷量占比逐渐增加;两级厌氧消化系统的物质转化率比单级厌氧消化系统更高,并且两级厌氧消化系统中的大部分物质在第一级去除,与产气效率的结果相一致;两级和单级厌氧消化系统在3个高有机负荷条件下均可以稳定运行。     

链霉素菌渣中温厌氧发酵产沼气性能研究

为实现链霉素菌渣的无害化、资源化利用,文章以链霉素菌渣为原料,在菌渣含固率为2%,温度为30±2℃的条件下进行60 d的厌氧发酵试验。试验结果表明:链霉素菌渣的累积产气量为18.20 L,中温产气能力为364.07 mL/g;在稳定产气阶段,发酵液的氨氮、VFAs含量均维持在较低水平,pH值大于7.0;厌氧发酵结束后,发酵液的VS去除率达64.32%;以金黄色葡萄球菌作为指示菌,在厌氧发酵后的沼液中未检测到链霉素残留。     

欧洲综合处理畜禽粪尿的工艺技术

欧洲工业化养殖业的成功发展,使每年产生大量的畜禽粪便。近年来,许多欧洲国家政府积极资助对农场废物处理技术的研究开发,以达到保护环境、变废物为有利资源的目的。综合处理畜禽废物的生产工艺技术在欧洲已经逐渐流行起来,其特点是结合多种处理技术,主要适合于畜禽废物已引起严重污染的高密度养殖业地区。本文对欧洲具有一定代表性的综合处理畜禽废物工艺过程进行分析,以便我们了解欧洲综合处理畜禽废物工艺技术的特点、现状和发展趋势。     

撞击流式反应器内水合物法分离沼气中CO2研究

实验考察了撞击流式反应釜内水合物法分离沼气中CO₂的特性。选取纯水和十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）两个不同的体系,考察了水合物生成过程中压力、温度、撞击强度的影响。实验结果表明在纯水体系和SDS体系下压力的升高均有利于水合物的快速生成,但并不利于沼气中的二氧化碳捕集;实验通过改变撞击流式反应器的撞击强度发现,当撞击强度为0.128时,CO₂分离因子(S.F.)在纯水和SDS两种体系下均达到最大,纯水体系下S.F.的最大值为138.9,SDS体系下S.F.的最大值为64.5;实验结果表明添加剂SDS可以促进水合物的生成,最适宜的浓度为600 mg/L,此时耗气量、CO₂水合率S.Fr.(CO₂)和CH₄水合率S.Fr.(CH₄)达到最大,但SDS对CH₄水合物生成过程的促进作用大于CO₂水合物,反而不利于CO₂的分离,降低CO₂的分离因子。     

粒径对餐厨沼渣热解制备生物炭中磷和重金属的影响

以3种粒径餐厨沼渣为原料,在600℃下热解制备生物炭,研究粒径对沼渣（BR）及生物炭（BRC）中磷和重金属的影响,并采用TCLP浸出毒性和重金属潜在生态风险评估对其安全性进行系统研究。结果表明：BR及BRC中的磷主要以酸溶态磷（HCl-P）为主,残渣态磷（Res-P）次之,其余磷形态含量较低,总磷含量均呈现出随粒径增大而降低的趋势。热解促进H₂O-P、NaHCO₃-P和NaOH-P向HCl-P和Res-P转化。随着粒径的增大,BR中Cu、Zn总量增加,Cr减少,BRC中的Cr、As总量增加,Zn、Pb减少。并且BR中Cr、Zn、Pb和As中可氧化态和残渣态F3+F4随粒径增大而减少;BRC中Cr、Pb、As中F3+F4随粒径增大而减少,而Cu、Zn、Cd与之相反。TCLP浸出毒性和重金属潜在生态风险评估结果表明BR及BRC中重金属均属于低风险水平。     

Fish industry waste: treatments, environmental impacts, current and potential uses

Fish waste management has been one of the problems having the greatest impact on the environment. Fish farming detrimental effects on the marine environment in particular have become an issue of public concern. In European Union, numerous Directives, Decisions and Regulations were voted in an attempt to minimise the environmental impact of fisheries within the frame of Integrated Coastal Management. Treated fish waste has found many applications among which the most important are animal feed, biodiesel/biogas, dietic products (chitosan), natural pigments (after extraction), food‐packaging applications (chitosan), cosmetics (collagen), enzyme isolation, Cr immobilisation, soil fertiliser and moisture maintenance in foods (hydrolysates). In this review, an update of both environmental impact (inputs and outputs) and treated fish waste uses is provided by means of six comprehensive tables and seven figures.