Pilot-scale high solids thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste with an emphasis on nutrient requirements

A pilot study was conducted to assess the biodegradable organic fraction of municipal solid waste (BOF/MSW) as a substrate in a high-solids anaerobic digestion process. Results obtained indicate that a typical BOF/MSW in the United States is deficient in most macro and micro-nutrients required for robust and stable digestion. The BOF/MSW was supplemented with nutrient-rich organic wastes such as wastewater treatment plant sludges, dairy manure, and synthetic chemical solutions to correct nutritional deficiencies. The combined addition of wastewater treatment plant sludge and dairy manure to a typical BOF/MSW significantly elevated the gas production rate and enhanced the process stability. Microbial nutrient requirements are identified and nutrient concentrations for stable operation are quantified.     

户用沼气商业化发展机制探索与应用——湖南省常德市沼气发展个案分析

在许多地区,由于农户收入水平较低,沼气建设过分依赖政府补贴,能源服务公司的经营管理能力及融资能力都比较差,导致当地沼气行业发展缓慢。为了改变这种局面,使沼气行业走上快速的发展道路,在世界自然基金会的资助下,北京天恒可持续发展研究所以湖南常德地区为试点制定并实施了沼气商业化发展机制,并根据实际情况不断完善机制的内容,使其具有广泛推广使用价值。在这一机制下,为能源服务公司提供了流动资金的支持和经营管理、技术的培训,提高了其经营管理能力和技术水平,为农户提供了延期支付服务,为银行开辟了新的信贷业务,通过宣传提高了农户对沼气的认识。同时,通过对具有成立能源服务公司潜在能力的技术、管理人员进行了有针对性的培训,协助他们成立民营能源服务公司,以期引进竞争机制,促进当地沼气行业的发展。根据项目的实施情况和进一步的发展目标,天恒所又对项目做出了改进,保证在项目资助方退出之前,使沼气产业走向市场化、规模化。     

沼气发酵液对烟草赤星菌的抑制研究

用不同浓度和不同温度的沼液对烟草赤星菌作抑菌实验研究，结果表明，即使是10％的沼液对烟草赤星菌也有明显的抑制效果；经巴氏灭菌、煮沸、灭菌后的沼液对烟草赤星菌也有一定的抑制作用，但抑菌趋势表现为温度越高抑菌效果越差。通过对沼液与特效农药菌核净(纹枯利)的比较发现，沼液的抑菌效果，与浓度为1：500的菌核净的抑菌效果相当，且抑制效果更加稳定和持久。     

推广"牛-沼-草"生态农业是实现农民增收的有效途径

本文简要介绍了“牛－沼－草”生态农业的内容、主要做法和推广措施,并通过实践证明推广“牛－沼－草”生态模式是实现农民增收的有效途径。     

Solar assisted biogas plants III: Energy balance of fixed dome biogas plants and enhancement of production in winters

This paper presents a thermal model of a fixed dome biogas plant, with or without hot charging and having the ground surface above the plant, blackened and glazed. The rate of energy transfer, between the ground and the plant has been determined by electrical simulation experiments, using a small scale model of the plant (made of copper), suspended in copper sulphate solution. For hot charging a shallow solar pond, built on the ground has been considered. The monthly variation of the slurry temperature, corresponding to 1, 4, 8, 15 and 30 m³ plants have been evaluated for Madras, New Delhi and Srinagar, which correspond to typical hot, composite and cold climates; the following cases have been considered:

• 1 Bare plant, without hot charging and blackening/glazing of the ground, above the plant.
• 2 Plant, charged with hot slurry from a shallow solar pond.
• 3 Plant, with ground above blackened and glazed.
• 4 Plant, with ground above blackened and double glazed and also provision for heating the slurry by burning a part of the produced biogas.

It is seen that blackening and single glazing of the ground above the plant is able to maintain the slurry temperature between 28 and 35°C throughout the year in composite climate such as Delhi; in cold climates even double glazing alone is not enough for that purpose. Hot charging from a shallow solar pond alone is not sufficient to maintain satisfactory slurry temperatures in winters of Delhi and of course Srinagar. In hot climates the slurry temperature is sufficiently high, except for a couple of months, when either hot charging from a shallow solar pond or blackening/glazing of the ground above is sufficient to have the slurry temperature in the desirable range. In cold climates such as Srinagar, the desired slurry temperatures can be maintained if a part of the gas produced is burnt for heating the slurry, in addition to blackening and double glazing of the ground above the dome. Theoretical predictions of slurry temperatures have been compared with the field data recorded for an 8 m³ digester at the Energy Complex, Masoodpur, Delhi; the agreement is satisfactory.     

沼液对苹果品质及土壤肥效的影响

通过对照试验，分析了沼肥对果树长势、苹果品质和土壤肥效的影响。结果表明，应用沼液进行根施和叶面喷施，可增加果树新梢长度和枝条径粗，果树总产量增加13％～20％，果实口感好，营养丰富。施用沼肥可改善土壤理化性质，氮、磷、钾处于丰富的水平，有机质处于中等至稍丰的水平。     

活塞式内燃机燃用沼气的研究

简要介绍了沼气的产生、成分、物理化学性能以及活塞式内燃机燃用沼气可能发生的燃烧速度慢、后燃严重、排气温度高与热负荷大等问题，提出了掺烧和快速全烧两大措施；并相应研制出沼气-柴油双燃料发动机和火花点火全沼气发动机发电机组来适应这两种燃烧方式，取得了较好效果。最后提出将沼气提纯、加压，使其性能接近压缩天然气来作为汽车燃料的方案。     

基于STM32沼气池多组分监测系统设计

为了满足沼气池的稳定性、安全性、高精度好等特点,采用模块化思想,把数据采集部分和数据处理分开,设计出新型沼气池数据采集系统。该系统具有GPS授时、无线传输模块和多种通信接口,同时从硬件和软件两个方面降低数据采集系统的功耗。通过测试研究,满足沼气实时监测的要求。     

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷周缘中、浅层天然气地球化学特征及成因

沙湾凹陷周缘天然气混源现象普遍,前期缺少对地区的整体研究,制约了研究区天然气成藏研究。为此,系统开展了天然气地球化学特征分析,结合烃源岩热模拟技术,明确研究区中、浅层天然气的成因。研究显示,沙湾凹陷周缘中、浅层天然气以甲烷为主,干燥系数分布在0.73～1.00,δ¹³C₁值分布在-56.0 ‰～-31.5 ‰,反映研究区成熟与高-过成熟天然气共存;δ¹³C₂值分布在-30.4 ‰～-22.8 ‰,反映研究区煤型气、油型气和混合型气均有分布。结合烃源岩热解气碳同位素特征,认为研究区天然气具有4种成因类型：Ⅰ类天然气来源于佳木河组烃源岩,主要分布在红车断裂带中段白垩系,具有极重的δ¹³C₂值,大于-25.5 ‰,C₇轻烃中甲基环己烷含量大于50 %;Ⅱ类天然气分布少,主要为原油降解次生生物气,具有异常偏负δ¹³C₁值和极高的干燥系数;Ⅲ类天然气来源于下乌尔禾组烃源岩,主要分布在小拐地区及红车断裂带南段侏罗系,δ¹³C₂值分布在-27.9 ‰～-26.4 ‰,具有混合型烃源岩特征;Ⅳ类天然气为下乌尔禾组烃源岩与风城组烃源岩混源,主要分布在红车断裂带南段、北段及金龙地区,以下乌尔禾组来源为主的天然气δ¹³C₂值大于-29 ‰,以风城组来源为主的天然气δ¹³C₂值小于-29 ‰。     

柴达木盆地油气勘探、地质认识新进展及重要启示

经过几代石油人艰苦卓绝的奋斗,柴达木盆地已建成青藏高原唯一的油气生产基地,成为甘青藏地区经济社会发展的压舱石。通过系统综述近年来柴达木盆地的油气勘探进展和勘探成果,总结了成盆、成烃、成储和成藏规律,指出了未来勘探转型的重要领域和方向。研究结果表明：①自2007年设立科技重大专项以来,尤其“十二五”以来,依托科技创新,支撑昆北断阶、英雄岭构造、阿尔金山前、扎哈泉凹陷等相继发现了亿吨级大油气田,形成了其他盆地鲜见的成烃、成储、成藏等原创性成果。②通过系统梳理和总结“十二五”以来的勘探发现、启示及重要地质认识,提出了未来油气勘探从浅层向深浅结合、从构造向构造-岩性结合、从碎屑岩向多岩性复合、从常规向常规-非常规结合的四大转变,厘定出柴西古近系—新近系页岩油、柴东第四系泥岩生物气、柴北缘深层和柴西古近系多类型岩性等四大勘探领域。③研究成果将推动柴达木盆地油气勘探转型发展和强改造型盆地油气地质理论技术发展,为各类型含油气系统的油气藏勘探持续发现提供重要的支撑。