金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B检测方法的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌分泌的肠毒素B(staphylococcal enterotoxin B,SEB)作为与食品中毒相关的重要毒素之一而被广泛报道。同时由于其具有热稳定性、易制备、高毒及易传播等特点引起科研人员的高度重视,因此,建立SEB高效的检测方法非常重要。本文对SEB的检测方法进行了综述,主要讨论了生物学检测、免疫凝集实验、琼脂糖扩散法、酶联免疫检测技术、放射性免疫检测技术、免疫荧光检测技术、胶体金试纸条检测技术、基因探针、仪器分析、生物传感检测等检测方法的原理及相关国内外研究进展的应用和局限,这对提前预防金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B引起的食物中毒具有重要意义,同时也为今后开发新型检测方法提供理论参考和技术支持。     

一起阿邦尼沙门菌引起食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学分析及分子溯源调查

目的 查明引起某庙会期间发生的一起食源性疾病暴发事件的原因,确认致病危害因素及其来源,为此类事件预防控制提供参考。方法 开展现场流行病学调查,通过描述分析方法分析病例临床特征、流行病学特征及相关危害因素。开展病例对照研究确定可疑食物,通过脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）法对致病因子进行相似性分析。结果 根据病例定义共收集可疑病例32例,主要临床表现为腹痛（87.50%）、腹泻（78.13%）、发热（75.00%）、头晕恶心（71.88%）。病例对照研究结果显示水煮带壳花生是危险因素（OR=4.000,95%CI：1.409~11.354）。采集28份样品中有7份分离培养出沙门菌,血清型鉴定均为阿邦尼沙门菌,经PFGE图谱分析高度相似。结论 本次事件是由阿邦尼沙门菌引起的食源性疾病暴发,可疑食物为水煮带壳花生,应加强非城区流动摊位散装食品的监管,同时加强食源性疾病监测管理工作。     

Apricot Nectar Processing by Pulsed Electric Fields

Application of pulsed electric fields to process apricot nectar by determining the pH, °Brix, total acidity, conductivity, color, non-enzymatic browning index, concentration of mineral ions, and retention of ascorbic acid and beta carotene as well as inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas syringae subs. syringae, Erwinia carotowora, Penicillum expansum, and Botrytis cinerea was explored in this study. Processing of apricot nectar did not cause a significant difference in measured attributes (p > 0.05). However, inactivation of all microorganisms was significantly increased with increased electric field strength and treatment time (p ≤ 0.05). Microbial inactivation data fit both the Weibull distribution and log-logistic model.     

Consensus categorization of cheese based on water activity and pH—A rational approach to systemizing cheese diversity

Development of science-based interventions in raw milk cheese production is challenging due to the large diversity of production procedures and final products. Without an agreed upon categorization scheme, science-based food safety evaluations and validation of preventive controls would have to be completed separately on each individual cheese product, which is not feasible considering the large diversity of products and the typically small scale of production. Thus, a need exists to systematically group raw milk cheeses into logically agreed upon categories to be used for food safety evaluations. This paper proposes and outlines one such categorization scheme that provides for 30 general categories of cheese. As a base for this systematization and categorization of raw milk cheese, we used Table B of the US Food and Drug Administration’s 2013 Food Code, which represents the interaction of pH and water activity for control of vegetative cells and spores in non-heat-treated food. Building on this table, we defined a set of more granular pH and water activity categories to better represent the pH and water activity range of different raw milk cheeses. The resulting categorization scheme was effectively validated using pH and water activity values determined for 273 different cheese samples collected in the marketplace throughout New York State, indicating the distribution of commercially available cheeses among the categories proposed here. This consensus categorization of cheese provides a foundation for a feasible approach to developing science-based solutions to assure compliance of the cheese processors with food safety regulations, such as those required by the US Food Safety Modernization Act. The key purpose of the cheese categorization proposed here is to facilitate product assessment for food safety risks and provide scientifically validated guidance on effective interventions for general cheese categories. Once preventive controls for a given category have been defined, these categories would represent safe havens for cheesemakers, which would allow cheesemakers to safely and legally produce raw milk cheeses that meet appropriate science-based safety requirements (e.g., risk to human health equivalent to pasteurized milk cheeses).     

Short communication: Microbiological quality of raw cow milk and its association with herd management practices in Northern China

Contamination of raw milk with bacterial pathogens is potentially hazardous to human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total bacteria count (TBC) and presence of pathogens in raw milk in Northern China along with the associated herd management practices. A total of 160 raw milk samples were collected from 80 dairy herds in Northern China. All raw milk samples were analyzed for TBC and pathogens by culturing. The results showed that the number of raw milk samples with TBC <2 × 10⁶ cfu/mL and <1 × 10⁵ cfu/mL was 146 (91.25%) and 70 (43.75%), respectively. A total of 84 (52.50%) raw milk samples were Staphylococcus aureus positive, 72 (45.00%) were Escherichia coli positive, 2 (1.25%) were Salmonella positive, 2 (1.25%) were Listeria monocytogenes positive, and 3 (1.88%) were Campylobacter positive. The prevalence of S. aureus was influenced by season, herd size, milking frequency, disinfection frequency, and use of a Dairy Herd Improvement program. The TBC was influenced by season and milk frequency. The correlation between TBC and prevalence of S. aureus or E. coli is significant. The effect size statistical analysis showed that season and herd (but not Dairy Herd Improvement, herd size, milking frequency, disinfection frequency, and area) were the most important factors affecting TBC in raw milk. In conclusion, the presence of bacteria in raw milk was associated with season and herd management practices, and further comprehensive study will be powerful for effectively characterizing various factors affecting milk microbial quality in bulk tanks in China.     

Incidence of clinical mastitis and distribution of pathogens on large Chinese dairy farms

Knowledge of the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM) and the distribution of pathogens involved is essential for development of prevention and control programs as well as treatment protocols. No country-wide study on the incidence of CM and the distribution of pathogens involved has been conducted in China. Core objectives of this study were, therefore, to determine the cumulative incidence of CM and the distribution of pathogens causing CM on large Chinese (>500 cows) dairy farms. In addition, associations between the distribution of CM pathogens and bedding materials and seasonal factors were also investigated. Bacterial culture was done on a total of 3,288 CM quarter milk samples from 161 dairy herds (located in 21 provinces) between March 2014 and September 2016. Additional data, including geographical region of herds, herd size, bedding types, and number of CM cases during the last month, were also recorded. Mean cumulative incidence of CM was 3.3 cases per 100 cows per month (range = 1.7 to 8.1). The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (14.4%), Klebsiella spp. (13.0%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (11.3%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (10.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (10.2%). Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from 2.8% of CM samples, whereas Streptococcus uberis were isolated from 2.1% of samples, and 15.8% of 3,288 samples were culture-negative. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, E. coli, and other Enterobacter spp. were more frequently isolated in the northwest than the northeast or south of China. Streptococcus dysgalactiae, other streptococci, and Strep. agalactiae were more frequently isolated in winter (October–March), whereas E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were mostly isolated in summer (April–September). Streptococcus dysgalactiae was more often isolated from CM cases of herds using sand bedding, whereas Klebsiella spp. and other streptococci were more common in herds using organic bedding. The incidence of CM and distribution of pathogens differed among herds and better mastitis management is needed. Furthermore, geography, bedding materials, and season should be included when designing mastitis control and prevention schemes for Chinese dairies.     

BTH诱导采后桃果实抗病性反应对其贮藏品质的影响

以"大久保"水蜜桃果实(Prunus persica(L.)Batsch cv.‘OkuBa’)为试材,研究了0.2 g/L BTH处理诱导的桃果实抗病性反应对其贮藏品质影响。实验结果表明:0.2 g/L BTH处理可有效诱导桃果实在20℃贮藏期间的SAR反应,促进抗病相关酶几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性以及总酚含量的上升,从而有效控制了果实贮藏期间P.expansum导致的青霉病的发展;但BTH处理诱导的SAR反应同时显著降低了桃果实在贮藏期间的乙烯峰值以及葡萄糖和蔗糖含量,并可抑制总黄酮、总花色苷和类胡萝卜素的积累,从而导致果实出现后熟及次生代谢产物合成速度减慢等不良症状。由此推测,BTH诱导的SAR抗病性反应对采后桃果实来说是一个不可逆的物质和能量消耗过程,可能会影响果实后熟品质的形成。     

Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain

In recent years, numerous foodborne outbreaks due to consumption of berry fruit contaminated by human enteric viruses have been reported. This European multinational study investigated possible contamination routes by monitoring the entire food chain for a panel of human and animal enteric viruses.     

我国食品微生物定量风险评估的研究进展

近10余年来,我国政府重视食品安全并逐渐加强风险分析体系的构建和实施。根据历年来国家卫生与计生委的统计数据,表明由致病微生物导致的食物中毒发病率一直高于其他危害。食源性致病菌引起的食品安全风险是全球性问题,发展中国家面临的情况更为严峻,因此加强我国微生物定量风险评估以减少与发达国家的差距,从国家层面上势在必行。特别是2009年我国颁布实施《食品安全法》和2011年成立国家食品安全风险评估中心（ChinaNational Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment,CFSA）以来,已有不少针对国内具体食品致病菌情况开展的食品微生物定量风险评估（quantitative microbial risk assessment,QMRA）研究。本文对2000年至今我国已开展的QMRA研究,包括涉及的食品、致病菌、微生物预测模型、剂量-效应模型等进行详细综述。同时指出我国开展QMRA面临的技术性难题及解决方法,并对采用QMRA结果用于构建危害分析与关键控制点（Hazard Analysis and CriticalControl Point,HACCP）和食品安全目标（ food safety objective,FSO）以及执行目标（performance objective,PO）的应用前景进行探讨。建议加强风险评估与风险管理的互动交流、进一步完善风险监测、微生物限量制定和国际合作,在完善实施指南的基础上针对我国具体国情开展更多具有科学性和系统性的QMRA研究。     

多重PCR技术在食源性致病菌检测中应用的研究进展

食源性致病菌的多重PCR检测技术是指能够同时扩增得到同种或多种致病菌的不同基因片段的技术。因该技术特异、灵敏且分析效率高,现已被广泛应用于食源性致病菌的检测工作中。本文介绍了多重PCR在食源性致病菌检测中应用的研究近况,并对影响因素及存在的问题进行了阐述。