2006-2009年江苏省食品中食源性致病菌的监测分析

目的了解食品中主要食源性致病菌的污染状况,确定高危食品,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》的检测技术要求,2006-2009年在江苏省的13个监测点采集食品样品3865份,对沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、弯曲菌和大肠埃希菌O157:H7的污染情况进行监测。结果 3865份样品中,共检出致病菌490株,总检出率为12.68%。生肉、生奶、水产品、速冻米面、熟肉制品、蛋糕以及蔬菜沙拉样品的致病菌检出率分别为27.93%(242/814)、18.87%(10/53)、17.49%(89/509)、16.18%(56/346)、9.24%(56/606)、4.79%(7/146)和0.98%(5/509);2006-2009年食源性致病菌检出率分别为16.92%、14.05%、15.32%、7.06%;13个监测点中,泰州、南京、扬州、徐州食源性致病菌检出率较高。结论生肉、生奶和水产品是江苏食品的主要污染品种,作为直接入口食品的熟肉、生食水产品和蛋糕,可能导致较高的食源性疾病风险。     

The Cost and Benefit of Listeria Monocytogenes Food Safety Measures

The objectives of this study were to evaluate economic techniques used to determine the cost and benefit of Listeria monocyto-genes control and to estimate the economic optimum of L. monocytogenes food safety measures. The level of food safety measures is optimal if marginal benefit and marginal cost equate. Estimates of benefit and cost of L. monocytogenes food safety measures, from available published literature, are derived from different methods of economic analysis (willingness to pay, cost of illness, cost function, and event study methods). The estimated annual benefit and cost of L. monocytogenes food safety measures range from $2.3 billion to $22 billion and from $.01 billion to $2.4 billion, respectively. The estimated marginal benefit exceeds the estimated marginal cost, which implies that more food safety measures are warranted before the optimal level of L. monocytogenes food safety can be reached. However, due to considerable lack of data, the optimal level of L. monocytogenes food safety measures could not be estimated. When better data become available, this study can serve as a template for estimating the optimal level of food safety. The understanding of the economic optimum of food safety level will contribute to designing a control program that is economical and acceptable for US society.     

Microbiological examination of ready-to-eat foods and ready-to-bake frozen pastries from university canteens

During a 10-year inspection survey (2001–2010), a microbiological study of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and ready-to-bake frozen pastries from 15 canteens of the university campus was undertaken to determine their microbiological quality. The cumulative study revealed that the aerobic colony counts for the RTE product groups were as follows: from 10⁶ to 10⁸ CFU/g for 50% of sandwiches; under the detection limit (<10 CFU/g) for 88.6% of oven baked pastries; <10⁵ CFU/g for 86.5% of desserts oven baked; from 10³ to 10⁹ CFU/g for desserts with dairy cream. The highest mean Enterobacteriaceae counts were recorded for desserts with dairy cream. The highest percentages of foodborne pathogens were: 20% Listeria monocytogenes and 12.5% Staphylococcus aureus in desserts with dairy cream; 17.5% Salmonella spp. and 8.5% presumptive Escherichia coli O157 in sandwiches; 14.6% Bacillus cereus in oven baked pastries. Aerobic colony counts were in the range 10⁷–10⁸ CFU/g for 48.8% of frozen pastries; whereas Enterobacteriaceae counts between 10³ and 10⁴ CFU/g were detected in 35.3%. Foodborne pathogens prevalences for frozen pastries were as follows: B. cereus, 31.8%; Salmonella spp., 28.6%; presumptive E. coli O157, 25%; S. aureus, 8.7%; L. monocytogenes, 8.7%. Improved sanitary conditions in the processing plants and precautionary measures are necessary for consumer protection.     

Molecular Methodologies for Improved Polymicrobial Sepsis Diagnosis

Polymicrobial sepsis is associated with worse patient outcomes than monomicrobial sepsis. Routinely used culture-dependent microbiological diagnostic techniques have low sensitivity, often leading to missed identification of all causative organisms. To overcome these limitations, culture-independent methods incorporating advanced molecular technologies have recently been explored. However, contamination, assay inhibition and interference from host DNA are issues that must be addressed before these methods can be relied on for routine clinical use. While the host component of the complex sepsis host–pathogen interplay is well described, less is known about the pathogen’s role, including pathogen–pathogen interactions in polymicrobial sepsis. This review highlights the clinical significance of polymicrobial sepsis and addresses how promising alternative molecular microbiology methods can be improved to detect polymicrobial infections. It also discusses how the application of shotgun metagenomics can be used to uncover pathogen/pathogen interactions in polymicrobial sepsis cases and their potential role in the clinical course of this condition.     

Applications of Nanozymology in the Detection and Identification of Viral,Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens

Nanozymes are synthetic nanoparticulate materials that mimic the biological activities of enzymes by virtue of their surface chemistry. Enzymes catalyze biological reactions with a very high degree of specificity. Examples include the horseradish peroxidase, lactate, glucose, and cholesterol oxidases. For this reason, many industrial uses of enzymes outside their natural environments have been developed. Similar to enzymes, many industrial applications of nanozymes have been developed and used. Unlike the enzymes, however, nanozymes are cost-effectively prepared, purified, stored, and reproducibly and repeatedly used for long periods of time. The detection and identification of pathogens is among some of the reported applications of nanozymes. Three of the methodologic milestones in the evolution of pathogen detection and identification include the incubation and growth, immunoassays and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategies. Although advances in the history of pathogen detection and identification have given rise to novel methods and devices, these are still short of the response speed, accuracy and cost required for point-of-care use. Debuting recently, nanozymology offers significant improvements in the six methodological indicators that are proposed as being key in this review, including simplicity, sensitivity, speed of response, cost, reliability, and durability of the immunoassays and PCR strategies. This review will focus on the applications of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens in samples obtained from foods, natural, and clinical sources. It will highlight the impact of nanozymes in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent and PCR strategies by discussing the mechanistic improvements and the role of the design and architecture of the nanozyme nanoconjugates. Because of their contribution to world health burden, the three most important pathogens that will be considered include viruses, bacteria and fungi. Although not quite seen as pathogens, the review will also consider the detection of cancer cells and helminth parasites. The review leaves very little doubt that nanozymology has introduced remarkable advances in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and PCR strategies for detecting these five classes of pathogens. However, a gap still exists in the application of nanozymes to detect and identify fungal pathogens directly, although indirect strategies in which nanozymes are used have been reported. From a mechanistic point of view, the nanozyme technology transfer to laboratory research methods in PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies, and the point-of-care devices such as electronic biosensors and lateral flow detection strips, that is currently taking place, is most likely to give rise to no small revolution in each of the six methodological indicators for pathogen detection and identification. While the evidence of widespread research reports, clinical trials and point-of-care device patents support this view, the gaps that still exist point to a need for more basic research studies to be conducted on the applications of nanozymology in pathogen detection and identification. The multidisciplinary nature of the research on the application of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens requires chemists and physicists for the design, fabrication, and characterization of nanozymes; microbiologists for the design, testing and analysis of the methodologies, and clinicians or clinical researchers for the evaluation of the methodologies and devices in the clinic. Many reports have also implicated required skills in mathematical modelling, and electronic engineering. While the review will conclude with a synopsis of the impact of nanozymology on the detection and identification of viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and helminths, it will also point out opportunities that exist in basic research as well as opportunities for innovation aimed at novel laboratory methodologies and devices. In this regard there is no doubt that there are numerous unexplored research areas in the application of nanozymes for the detection of pathogens. For example, most research on the applications of nanozymes for the detection and identification of fungi is so far limited only to the detection of mycotoxins and other chemical compounds associated with fungal infection. Therefore, there is scope for exploration of the application of nanozymes in the direct detection of fungi in foods, especially in the agricultural production thereof. Many fungal species found in seeds severely compromise their use by inactivating the germination thereof. Fungi also produce mycotoxins that can severely compromise the health of humans if consumed.     

2013年中国大陆食源性疾病暴发监测资料分析

目的 分析2013年中国食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征。方法 对我国食源性疾病暴发监测系统收集的2013年食源性疾病暴发资料进行统计分析。结果 2013年29个省、自治区、直辖市和新疆生产建设兵团共上报食源性疾病暴发事件1 001起,累计发病14 413人,死亡90人,微生物性因素引起事件起数和发病人数最多,分别占32.0%(320/1 001)和49.7%(7 162/14 413),毒蘑菇引起的死亡人数最多,占52.2%(47/90)。结论 微生物性食源性疾病仍是引发我国食品安全问题的重要原因,副溶血性弧菌和沙门菌是最常见的食源性致病菌。毒蘑菇中毒不容忽视。     

Aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment of horticultural produce: Effects on microbial safety and produce quality–A review

Microbial load on fresh fruit and vegetables causes decay and losses after harvest and may lead to foodborne illness in case of contamination with human pathogens on raw consumed produces. Washing with tap water only marginally reduces microorganisms attached to produce surfaces. Chlorine is widely used for decontamination on fresh horticultural produces. However, due to harmful by-products and the questionable efficacy it has become increasingly challenged. During the last 20 years, the interest to study ClO₂ treatments as an alternative sanitation agent for industrially prepared fresh produce has largely increased. For a wide range of commodities, the application of gaseous ClO₂ has meanwhile been investigated. In addition, since several years, the interest in aqueous ClO₂ treatments has further risen because of the better manageability in postharvest processing lines compared to gaseous application. This article critically evaluated the effects of postharvest application of aqueous ClO₂, either alone or in combination with other treatments, on microbial loads for various horticultural produces. In laboratory investigations, application of aqueous ClO₂ at concentrations between 3 and 100 ppm effectively reduced counts of natural or inoculated microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, and mold) in the range of 1 and 5 log. However, various effects of ClO₂ treatments on produce quality have been described. These mainly comprise implication on sensory and visual attributes. In this context, there is increasing focus on the potential impacts of aqueous ClO₂ on relevant nutritional components of produces such as organic acids or phenolic substances.     

采后蓝莓果实表面病原菌的分离鉴定及PCR检测

以采后贮藏过程中自然腐败变质的蓝莓果实为材料,采用传统纯培养法和平板划线法对蓝莓果实表面致腐优势菌进行了分离与形态学鉴定,最终确定葡萄孢霉（Botrytis cinema）为主要病原菌。采用基因组DNA提取试剂盒法提取葡萄孢霉的DNA,并筛选具有特异性的引物,通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）对葡萄孢霉特定的DNA片段进行扩增,得到具有特异性的目的基因,对其进行分子生物学的特异性鉴定,并对其检测条件进行优化。最终得到具有特异性的引物序列为Bc F-TGTAATTTCAATGTGCAGAATCC;BcR-TTGAAATGCGATTAATTGTTGC,最适的扩增引物浓度为0.25μmol/L,PCR扩增的最适退火温度为60℃。该方法可有效提高蓝莓病原菌的检测效率,可将其应用于实践中,为蓝莓的贮藏保鲜提供理论依据和技术指导。      

Antibacterial properties of Polygonum cuspidatum roots and their major bioactive constituents

Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of crude extract from Polygonum cuspidatum roots were assayed against five common foodborne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella anatum). The crude extract exhibited potent antibacterial properties. Major bioactive compounds in P. cuspidatum roots were identified as stilbenes (e.g., piceid, resveratroloside, and resveratrol) and hydroxyanthraquinones (e.g., emodin, emodin-1-O-glucoside, and physcion) by LC–ESI-MS. Both stilbenes and hydroxyanthraquinoines greatly contributed to the antibacterial properties. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to observe morphological changes of the bacteria treated with the crude extract and its major antibacterial components. Possible mechanisms of the antibacterial action were also discussed. This study suggests that the roots of P. cuspidatum and its antibacterial components may have potential for use as natural preservatives.     

我国4省肉鸡屠宰场沙门氏菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型

目的 了解我国四省肉鸡屠宰场沙门氏菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型情况.方法 参照美国疾病预防控制中心PulseNet实验方法,对2010年监测4省肉鸡屠宰场分离到的167株沙门氏菌,运用Xba Ⅰ酶进行酶切并完成PFGE分析,利用BioNumerics软件对分离株的指纹图谱进行聚类分析并建立数据库.结果 167株沙门氏菌共分为18个群,包括了75个不同的带型.相同血清型具有相似带型,基本归于同一群.65株印地安纳沙门氏菌有38个带型,54株肠炎沙门氏菌有16个带型,16株奥尔巴尼沙门氏菌仅有1个带型.结论 各省沙门氏菌的带型具有地区性差异,又具有优势型别的交叉.屠宰场存在严重的交叉污染,加强加工环节中的关键控制点—沙门氏菌的监测和干预,从而降低肉鸡及其产品中沙门氏菌的污染,这是从源头控制污染的根本措施.