EGCG升高cTnIR193H限制型心肌病模型小鼠未突变cTnI的表达水平

目的:研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）升高cTnIR193H限制型心肌病模型小鼠未突变cTnI的表达水平。方法:8周龄野生型C57小鼠及8周龄cTnIR193H限制型心肌病模型小鼠分别随机分为EGCG干预组、DMSO干预组以及未干预组。每周干预5 d,3个月后采集小鼠心脏组织。分别以Western blot与RT-PCR分别检测HDAC1、GATA4及cTnI 的mRNA表达水平。组蛋白H3K9乙酰化水平、cTnI基因启动子区域中的GATA4与HDAC1结合水平以ChIP-Q-PCR方式检测。结果:EGCG干预组未突变cTnI蛋白表达水平与mRNA表达水平、GATA4的mRNA表达水平、组蛋白H3K9乙酰化水平、cTnI启动子区域GATA4的结合水平均高于未干预组（P<0.05）。cTnI启动子区域HDAC1结合水平、HDAC1的mRNA表达水平均低于未干预组（P<0.05）。 结论:在EGCG干预R193H模型小鼠实验中,EGCG可抑制HDAC1的表达,抑制cTnI启动子区域HDAC1的结合,促进心脏核心转录因子GATA4的表达、组蛋白H3K9的乙酰化、及cTnI启动子区域GATA4的结合,上调心肌的未突变cTnI的表达水平。     

秸秆醋酸纤维素的制备

农作物秸秆是自然界中数量极大的可再生资源,本研究以农作物秸秆为反应原料,采用无污染蒸汽爆破技术活化预处理,然后进行乙酰化反应,通过溶剂萃取分离并制备出高附加值的醋酸纤维素。实验结果表明：秸秆汽爆后明显增加了反应活性,制备醋酸纤维素的适宜条件是123℃,2 h,催化剂用量为7％,汽爆秸秆中性洗涤剂处理后的乙酰化结果效果最好,不同汽爆秸秆中小麦秸秆乙酰化效果最佳,优化实验条件下,秸秆醋酸纤维素聚合度均在120以上,取代度2.80以上,并且用红外图谱、1H NMR进行了表征。与目前工业上采用α-纤维素含量较高的高级浆为反应原料相比,不仅原料和预处理成本大大降低,而且工艺流程简单。     

Effect of extraction conditions on the yield and chemical properties of pectin from cocoa husks

Different extraction conditions were applied to investigate the effect of temperature, extraction time and substrate–extractant ratio on pectin extraction from cocoa husks. Pectin was extracted from cocoa husks using water, citric acid at pH 2.5 or 4.0, or hydrochloric acid at pH 2.5 or 4.0. Temperature, extraction time and substrate–extractant ratio affected the yields, uronic acid contents, degrees of methylation (DM) and degrees of acetylation (DA) of the extracted pectins using the five extractants differently. The yields and uronic acid contents of the extracted pectins ranged from 3.38–7.62% to 31.19–65.20%, respectively. The DM and DA of the extracted pectins ranged from 7.17–57.86% to 1.01–3.48%, respectively. The highest yield of pectin (7.62%) was obtained using citric acid at pH 2.5 [1:25 (w/v)] at 95 °C for 3.0 h. The highest uronic acid content (65.20%) in the pectin was obtained using water [1:25 (w/v)] at 95 °C for 3.0 h.     

三氯蔗糖中间体Trispa的合成研究

以蔗糖为起始原料,经三苯甲基化和乙酰化合成了三氯蔗糖中间体6,1',6'-三氧-三苯甲基-五乙酰基蔗糖(Trispa).考察了物料配比和反应温度对反应的影响,确定了以下较佳的反应条件:n(蔗糖)∶n(三苯基氯甲烷)∶n(醋酐)=1∶3.3∶10.5,在55～60℃下进行三苯甲基化反应3.5 h,在100～105℃下进行乙酰化反应3 h,此时最终产物收率达到67.5%、纯度为97.24%.     

Benzylation of thiophene using zinc and iron chloride modified montmorillinite clay

Montmorillinite clays, modified with either Zn(II) or Fe(III) chlorides have been used to catalyze the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of thiophene. High yields (ca. 80%) of 2- and 3-benzylthiophene mixtures were obtained using either catalyst in chlorobenzene or nitrobenzene solvent at 80°C. The ratio of 2–3-products was found to be controlled by their relative stability. Reactions were most rapid in nitrobenzene solution (<5 min) and resulted in formation of the 2-isomer as the only mono-substituted product. This is believed to be the first example in which an alkylation of thiophene has been limited to one regio-isomer.     

液晶材料中间体-4-(反式,反式-4-丙基双环己基)苯乙酮的合成

液晶材料目前的制备方法复杂,市场上成熟的原料合成路线基本没有。要制备性能优异的、使用广泛的液晶材料需要多步反应。以市场中常见的4-(反式,反式-4-丙基双环己基)苯为原料,经傅克酰基化反应得到目标产物。主要考察了4-(反式,反式-4-丙基双环己基)苯乙酮的合成条件,如酰基化反应溶剂、酰基化反应温度、酰基化反应时间及水解反应溶剂四个条件的影响,确定了合成反应的最佳条件。并采用红外光谱和核磁共振方法确证了目标产物。     

微波辅助聚氯乙烯-苯酚之间的Friedel-Crafts接枝反应及对聚氯乙烯热稳定性的影响

在四氢呋喃溶液中通过微波辐照实现了聚氯乙烯(PVC)与苯酚的Friedel-Crafts接枝反应;通过紫外分光光度法表征了PVC-g-苯酚接枝物的接枝率,考察了加热方式、反应温度、催化剂用量及反应时间对接枝反应的影响,并通过红外光谱表征了接枝物的结构;通过刚果红试验、热重分析研究了接枝苯酚对PVC热稳定性的影响。结果表明,相同反应时间,水浴加热接枝率仅为0.1,而微波辐照接枝率可达2.12,其优化工艺条件为无水AlCl_3的用量为PVC质量的8%,反应时间30 min,反应温度为65℃;接枝样品的刚果红试验热稳定时间为6 min46 s,比空白PVC延长了3 min,在空气气氛和氮气气氛中的热降解第一阶段活化能比空白PVC分别提高11.2 kJ/mol和13.8 kJ/mol,而在第二和第三阶段,接枝样品的活化能反而低于空白PVC。证明苯酚取代了容易导致PVC降解的活性氯,抑制了PVC热降解的第一阶段,即脱HCl反应,提高了PVC的热稳定性。     

Key Role of Microtubule and Its Acetylation in a Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle–Mediated Lysosome–Autophagy System

Autophagy is a biological process that has attracted considerable attention as a target for novel therapeutics. Recently, nanomaterials (NMs) have been reported to modulate autophagy, which makes them potential agents for the treatment of autophagy‐related diseases. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) are utilized to evaluate NM‐induced autophagy and debate the mechanisms involved. It is found that ZNPs undergo pH‐dependent ion shedding and that intracellular zinc ions (Zn²⁺) play a crucial role in autophagy. Autophagy is activated with ZNPs treatment, which is inhibited after Zn²⁺ sequestration via ethylenediamine tetra‐acetic acid. Lysosome‐based autophagic degradation is halted after ZNPs treatment for more than 3 h and is accompanied by blockage of lysophagy, which renews impaired lysosomes. Furthermore, the microtubule (MT) system participates in ZNP‐induced lysosome–autophagy system changes, especially in the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. MT acetylation is helpful for protecting from ZNP‐induced MT disruption, and it promotes the autophagic degradation process. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on NM‐induced lysosome–autophagy system changes, particularly with respect to the role of lysophagy and the MT system, which point to some attractive targets for the design of engineered nanoparticles.     

醋化级竹浆粕的制备及醋化性能

以竹材为原料制备出醋化级的竹浆粕。采用FT-IR、X-ray以及HPLC对竹浆粕的物理化学性质进行了表征,开展了以竹浆粕为原料的醋化反应实验,并与木浆进行了比较。研究结果表明,竹浆粕中的α-纤维的含量能够满足醋化级浆粕的要求,并且由于其中纤维素的结晶度低,竹浆粕的醋化反应活性比木浆粕更高。以竹浆粕为原料合成的醋酸纤维素在丙酮中具有与木浆醋片相似的溶解性能。开发以竹材为原料制备竹浆,合成醋酸纤维素的工艺是完全可行的。