Sensitivity of spectral reflectance to variation in live fuel moisture content at leaf and canopy level

Wildland fires burn large areas of the earth's land surface annually, causing significant environmental damage and danger to human health. In order to mitigate the effects, and to better manage the incidence of such fires, fire behaviour models are used to predict, among other things, the likelihood of ignition, the rate of spread, and the intensity and duration of burning. A key input parameter to these models is the amount of water in the vegetation, described as the fuel moisture content (FMC). A number of studies have shown that vegetation indices (VI) calculated from red and NIR reflectances may be used to map spatial and temporal variation in FMC in a range of fire-prone environments, with varying degrees of success. Strong empirical relationships may be established between VI and FMC over grasslands, yet over shrublands and forests, the relationships are weaker. If FMC is to be estimated with greater accuracy and consistency than is currently achieved, it is necessary to fully understand the relative contribution that spatial and temporal variation in the various biophysical and geometrical variables make to reflectance variability at the leaf and canopy level.This paper uses a modelling approach to investigate the sensitivity of reflectance data at leaf and canopy level to variation in the biophysical variables that are used to compute FMC. At the leaf level, the results show that the sensitivity of reflectance to variation in leaf water and dry matter content, used to compute FMC, is greatest in the SWIR and NIR, respectively. Variation in FMC has no effect in the visible wavelengths. At the canopy level, the results show that the sensitivity of reflectance to variation in leaf water and dry matter content is heavily dependent upon the type of model used and the range of variation over which the variables are tested. In the longer wavelengths of the SWIR, the competing influence of variable leaf area index, fractional vegetation cover, and solar zenith angle is shown to be greater than that at the shorter wavelengths of the SWIR and NIR. Empirical relationships between the normalised difference water index (NDWI) and FMC are shown to be weaker than that with canopy water content. However, when the range of the variables under study is more limited, useful empirical relationships between FMC and remotely sensed VI may be established.     

Wear characteristics of commercial gas turbine components

Wear is one of the common degradations in a commercial gas turbine. A stainless steel grade 304 (SS 304) fuel nozzle and its collar made of nickel-based superalloy (Hastelloy X) are two vital components that normally suffer from rapid wear. During an installation, the fuel nozzle is slotted into the collar of the combustion liner. In operation, these two surfaces are subjected to high pressure from the fuel combustion, hence continuously rubbing against each other causes vibrations. During the start–stop operation, these surfaces had undergone a large relative motion. The vibration is the main cause of the wear occurrence on the surfaces. Physical properties of the worn surfaces were obtained through visual observations: wear measurement, hardness and microstructure examination. Through visual observations, fretting wear was mainly suspected as the dominant wear mode, particularly after 8,000 of running hours at high temperature and vibration. In short, this paper discusses the preliminary findings of wear on the fuel nozzle and its collar. It also discusses the changes in the mechanical properties before and after the operation. Solutions for mitigating the problem were discussed.     

高压共轨燃油喷射系统的电控单元设计

本文对共轨燃油系统重要组成部分之一的电控单元功能和组成结构进行分析探讨,利用计算机控制技术对其进行优化设计,从而实现了柴油机的最佳综合效益.     

低流量工况下燃料组件优化设计研究

为了探索适用于模块式小堆（SMR）的燃料组件优化设计,本文针对截短型CF2燃料组件在SMR参数范围下的热工-水力性能开展分析研究,获得搅混格架的间距及布置形式对于燃料组件热工-水力性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:①低流量工况下,搅混格架间距过长或过短都将降低燃料组件的热工性能,设计上应合理考虑搅混格架间距;② 燃料组件加热段上游区域的搅混格架布置对于提升SMR燃料组件的热工性能不明显,设计上在此区域应简化布置;③ SMR在正常运行与事故工况下,燃料组件的中下游区域的状态点参数相对恶劣,在中下游区域合理地设计搅混格架的间距与布置可以显著地提升燃料组件的热工性能,提高热工安全裕量。本文研究结果可为SMR燃料组件的设计优化提供参考。      

Finding an optimization of the plate element of Egyptian research reactor using genetic algorithm

The second Egyptian research reactor ET-RR-2 went critical on the 27th of November 1997. The National Center of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control （NCNSRC） has the responsibility of the evaluation and assessment of the safety of this reactor. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to optimization of the fuel element plate. For an efficient search through the solution space we use a multi objective genetic algorithm which allows us to identify a set of Pareto optimal solutions providing the decision maker with the complete spectrum of optimal solutions with respect to the various targets. The aim of this paper is to propose a new approach for optimizing the fuel element plate in the reactor. The fuel element plate is designed with a view to improve reliability and lifetime and it is one of the most important elements during the shut down. In this present paper, we present a conceptual design approach for fuel element plate, in conjunction with a genetic algorithm to obtain a fuel plate that maximizes a fitness value to optimize the safety design of the fuel plate.     

燃料电池系统空气流量振荡分析与控制

针对低压燃料电池系统大负荷状态下存在的空气流量振荡问题展开研究。在分析原系统结构的基础上,采用半经验的方法对鼓风机进行精确建模,进而建立整个空气系统的动态模型,该模型考虑鼓风机寄生功率对燃料电池系统功率的影响。采用试验数据对模型进行验证,结果证明模型能精确地实现对空气系统的模拟与仿真。然后根据模型仿真以及控制系统稳定性理论对空气流量振荡的原因进行分析,其中理论分析采用原系统的简化模型。分析结果表明,原系统中采用鼓风机电流作为闭环反馈信号是空气流量振荡的根本原因。因此对空气流量的控制算法进行改进,打开电流环,并优化控制参数。试验结果证明,改进后的控制算法能有效消除空气流量的振荡,控制效果良好。     

新型碳材料质子交换膜燃料电池Pt催化剂载体的研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)具有能量转换效率高、功率密度大、室温启动快、噪音低和零污染等特点,有望减少二氧化碳排放量,缓解能源危机,在轨道交通、航空航天等领域具有广阔的应用前景。催化剂是PEMFC的关键材料, Pt催化氧还原反应活性和稳定性好,是广泛使用且很难被取代的电催化剂。然而Pt储量低、价格昂贵,导致PEMFC成本较高,使用Pt载体可减少PEMFC的Pt负载量,提高Pt利用率。碳材料具有成本低廉、比表面积大、孔结构丰富、电导率和表面性质可调等特性,是广泛应用的Pt载体。商用的炭黑载体对Pt的利用效率低,抗电化学腐蚀性较差。为了进一步提高PEMFC的性能和持续性,需要研发能够均匀负载Pt、高效利用Pt、抗电化学腐蚀性强且导电性好的碳载体,进而实现PEMFC的大规模应用。炭气凝胶、碳纳米管和石墨烯等新型碳载体具有独特的结构和性质,可以提高PEMFC性能和寿命,引起了研究者的广泛关注。本文对近年来PEMFC新型碳材料Pt载体的研究进展进行了较为详细的综述,并对其发展趋势作出了适当评论。     

影响SOFC-GT系统热电比的参数模拟分析

随着燃料电池的发展,燃料电池应用领域将越来越广。固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)作为高温燃料电池,可以在提供电能的同时对外提供热能。本文以SOFC/GT系统的热电比(对外提供的热能和电能的比)为主要研究对象,通过建立平板型固体氧化物燃料电池系统、燃气轮机等部件的计算模型,计算出不同参数对燃料电池热电比的影响。计算结果表明通过改变电流密度、入口温度和压力等参数,能对系统热电比进行调整。     

轿车用燃料电池发动机温度控制系统研究

针对燃料电池在工作过程中对温度的特殊要求,设计了一种温度控制系统,使得燃料电池工作于最佳的状态。实际系统中,利用单片机MC9S12DP256B作为主控芯片,控制质子交换膜燃料电池的温度、氢气、空气、水等系统。主控芯片采集温度信号,根据模糊控制策略产生控制量,通过125kbps波特率的CAN总线传送给风扇控制器,产生PWM波驱动散热风扇以不同转速工作。此系统应用于同济大学“超越2号”“超越3号”燃料电池轿车中,取得了良好的效果。     

某型航空发动机燃油调节器改型设计研究

航空推进系统仿真技术在发动机预研和型号研制中具有重要的作用。某型现役飞机飞行高度增加,需对其燃油调节器进行改型设计,而关于航空发动机燃油调节仿真的问题,大多数是以传递函数及插值表等形式来描述的,计算量大,物理意义不直观,仿真效果不明显。针对以上不足,在对某型发动机燃油调节器的组成、功能、工作原理进行了详细分析的基础上,以流量连续方程及力平衡方程为基础,结合Adaptive Simpson积分方法,基于AMEsim仿真软件,采用图形化时域仿真建模方式建立了相关部件的数学模型,对其高空工作特性进行了仿真分析。结果表明,保证了发动机的正常工作,为燃油调节器的设计与改进提供了依据。