束鹿凹陷沙河街组三段下亚段泥灰岩-砾岩致密储层储集空间类型及成因

通过偏光显微镜、荧光显微镜、阴极发光显微镜、场发射电镜和物性实验等手段,系统剖析了束鹿凹陷沙河街组三段下亚段泥灰岩-砾岩储层储集空间类型,探讨了储集空间成因及控制因素。研究区泥灰岩-砾岩主要发育纹层状泥灰岩、块状泥灰岩、颗粒支撑陆源砾岩、杂基支撑陆源砾岩、混源砾岩5种岩性,储层致密,孔渗极差,属特低孔特低渗储层。储集空间主要为次生孔隙和裂缝,发育溶孔、有机质孔、砾内孔、粒(晶)内孔隙、粒(晶)间孔隙等,以及构造缝、层间页理缝、贴砾缝、收缩缝、有机酸溶蚀缝等;其中,泥灰岩储集空间以有机质孔隙、页理缝、粒(晶)间孔隙为主,砾岩储集空间以砾内孔、溶孔、构造缝为主。储集空间的发育主要受构造作用、沉积作用、物源和成岩作用等因素综合影响。     

柴达木盆地上新世狮子沟期古气候演化与层序地层

柴达木盆地是中国西部青藏高原内部的一个大型中、新生代压扭性沉积盆地,印支运动以来一直处于沉降发展阶段,期间形成了总量达30 000×10⁸ m³的天然气资源。上新世狮子沟组沉积时期古气候演化过程不仅控制了盆地内部层序地层的发育和演化过程,也是世界最大生物气资源形成的重要控制因素之一。以柴达木盆地全井取心最长的气钾1井为重点,利用地球化学方法进行氯离子含量、微量元素、总有机碳含量测定,综合岩心、测井及古生物资料,结合层序地层特征,对盆地狮子沟组沉积时期古气候演化过程进行重建。气钾1井Sr/Ba、Sr/Ca比值与氯离子含量呈正相关,Sr/Ba、Sr/Ca比值随盐度增加而增大,在干旱环境中呈高值;Rb/Sr比值、总有机碳含量与氯离子含量呈负相关,Rb/Sr比值、总有机碳含量随盐度增加而减少,在干旱环境中呈低值,为柴达木盆地古气候演化精细研究提供了依据。柴达木盆地上新世狮子沟组沉积期古气候整体经历了干旱-湿润-干旱的演化过程,湖盆水体呈微咸水,结合层序地层特征,内部首次划分出5个次级气候旋回。古气候演化过程中呈现的旋回性与层序地层演化基本一致,表明前者对后者具有明显的控制作用。     

四川盆地中北部DB1 井区灯影组四段沉积相及储层特征

四川盆地中北部（川中北部）灯影组四段（灯四段）储层岩性复杂,非均质性较强,限制了灯影组四段气藏的勘探。为了进一步深化川中北部DB1 井区的沉积相及储层特征认识,通过钻井岩心及薄片资料的观察,并结合测井、录井、物性测试以及钻探成果等资料的综合分析,对川中北部DB1 井区灯四段沉积相及储层特征进行研究。结果表明：研究区灯四段主要发育台地边缘和局限台地2 种沉积亚相,进一步可识别出藻丘、颗粒滩和滩间海等沉积微相,其中藻丘微相主要发育藻凝块云岩和藻叠层云岩,颗粒滩微相主要发育砂屑云岩,滩间海微相主要发育泥晶云岩和粉晶云岩;藻丘和颗粒滩沉积主要发育在台缘一侧,向台内藻丘和颗粒滩沉积逐渐减少,以滩间海沉积为主;藻丘发育呈纵向叠置特征,横向延伸较近,且集中发育在灯四段上亚段,单体厚度较大,下亚段发育较少且厚度较薄;储集岩类型主要为藻凝块云岩、藻叠层云岩和砂屑云岩,储集空间主要为藻黏结格架孔、粒间溶孔和晶间溶孔;研究区岩心孔隙度分布在2.02%～6.03%,总体平均孔隙度为3.11%,岩心渗透率分布在0.007 04～9.78 mD,总体平均渗透率为0.692 64 mD,整体物性具有低孔特低渗透特征,部分样品由于受到裂缝的影响呈现低孔高渗透特征。     

富有机质页岩中烃类动态运移对页岩气富集成藏的制约——以四川盆地龙马溪组为例

页岩气作为一种典型的连续性油气藏,其形成和富集均发生在页岩中,因此页岩中天然气的形成、运移、聚集等过程是页岩气有效富集成藏的关键。以钻井及露头剖面为基础,采用有机地球化学分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等实验手段相结合,发现四川盆地龙马溪组页岩具有优异的地球化学参数和储层微观特征。以PY1井埋藏史为例,结合盆地区域构造演化史及龙马溪组页岩中有机质热演化史特征,通过与Barnett页岩对比发现,四川盆地龙马溪组页岩埋深相对较深,且后期构造运动导致其保存条件处于一个相对\"开放\"的状态,不利于页岩中游离气的赋存;同时龙马溪组页岩干酪根类型以Ⅰ或Ⅱ型干酪根为主,页岩在前期热演化过程中形成的烃类主要以石油的形式大范围排出页岩,仅晚期形成的过成熟气和滞留的油裂解气未脱离页岩系统,这在一定程度上制约了页岩气的有效富集成藏。     

东营凹陷沙河街组层序地层对成岩的控制作用

东营凹陷发育了沙四段底界面(T 7)、沙四段与沙三段分界面(T′6)及沙二下亚段顶界面(T′2)等3个二级层序界面。根据对储集层成岩作用的深入研究发现,原有的埋藏成岩作用序列不仅受深度的影响,而且受此层序地层所控制,在层序界面附近和层序体内部存在一定的规律性。据此确定了层序界面附近发育的淋滤、溶解成岩相带和层序体内部发育的黏土矿物转换和化学胶结成岩相带。认识到层序界面通常是流体运移的通道,影响界面上下低水位体系域和高水位体系域内储集层的成岩相展布,对改善储集层储集性能有利;层序体内部储集层成岩差异性明显,储集性往往受到制约。     

储层天然裂缝识别技术研究

针对裂缝性油气藏勘探开发的热点、重点和难点问题进行了论述。研究认为裂缝形成机理及发育特征识别技术成为广泛研究的热点和低孔、低渗储层评价的关键。同时,储层裂缝发育机制的复杂性决定了裂缝发育特征识别技术的难度,特别是天然裂缝的识别技术的研究仍是当前研究的难点,其对天然裂缝分布特征的认识准确与否,直接关系到对裂缝性储层的评价,影响地质储量的计算和经济评价,甚至关系到一个油气田能否顺利投入开发。     

Formation kinetics and stability of phosphonate self-assembled monolayers on indium–tin oxide

Phosphonate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been widely used for the surface modification of indium–tin oxide (ITO) electrodes; however, their formation kinetics and stability are not well understood. In this paper, we describe our electrochemical studies of the formation kinetics and stability of a series of phosphonate SAMs on ITO electrodes. In particular electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) and cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements have been carried out on three carboxy-terminated phosphonate SAMs by using Fe(CN)₆^3−/4− as redox indicators. The dependence of the charge-transfer resistance (obtained from the EIS plots) on the incubation time allows an estimation of the apparent fractional surface coverage of phosphonate SAMs. The apparent formation rate constant (k_obs) was determined by fitting the experimental data to a Langmuir adsorption model. For 3-phosphonopropanoic acid (PPA), the k_obs value increases when the PPA concentration increases in the deposition solution, and is smaller than those of thiolate SAMs on Au. The stability of phosphonate SAMs was investigated in three different media (pure water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, and ambient air condition). It has been shown that the phosphonate SAMs are rather stable in either PBS solution or ambient air condition.     

川南地区阳新统气藏异常高压形成转化和预测

本文基于自然流体压裂成藏机理和岩体力学,紧密结合川南阳新统气藏基本特征,探讨异常高压形成和转化机理,进而建立定量预测气层异常高压物理-数学模型。经矿场实际资料验证,气层压力预测值绝对误差一般小于2.0Mpa,相对误差一般小于5.0%。     

Compromise Between Bromate Ion Formation and Pesticides Degradation and/or Manganese Removal

Ozonation is a widely used technology within the water industry. Bromate ion formed by oxidation of water containing bromide ion was studied with the Gas Ozone Test and Pilot Scale Ozonation. Bromate ion formation was investigated along with the removal of triazines and/or manganese. Under identical conditions of ozonation, BrO₃ ^? formation is specific for each water and depends on parameters such as Total Organic Carbon, UV absorbance at 254 nm, applied ozone and ozone residual. Pesticides degradation by ozonation alone cannot be achieved without the formation of BrO₃ ^? at a high concentration. Hydrogen peroxide, at a constant ozone dose, reduces the BrO₃ ^? formation. However, even with the use of hydrogen peroxide, the concentration of BrO₃ ^? can remain in excess of the provisional Maximum Contaminant Level (10 μg/L). For certain types of water, pesticide degradation is difficult to achieve if the MCL for BrO₃ ^? has to be met. Manganese oxidation by ozone appears to be achieved without high bromate formation; indeed the presence of manganese hinders BrO₃ ^? formation.