The association between price of regular-grade gasoline and injury and mortality rates among occupants involved in motorcycle- and automobile-related motor vehicle collisions

Motorcyclists have been reported to be more likely to die in a motor vehicle collision (MVC) than automobile occupants. With the recent increase in the pump price of gasoline, it has been reported that people are switching to motorcycles as main modes of transportation. This study evaluated the association between motor vehicle collision-related injury and mortality rates and increases in gasoline prices for occupants of automobiles and riders of motorcycles.There were an estimated 1,270,512 motorcycle MVC and 238,390,853 automobile MVC involved occupants in the U.S. from 1992 to 2007. Higher gasoline prices were associated with increased motorcycle-related injuries and deaths; however, this association no longer remained after accounting for changes in the number of registered vehicles.The current study observed that, while the number of injuries and fatalities in motorcycle-related MVCs increase with increasing gasoline price, rates remained largely unchanged. This suggests that the observed increase in motorcycle-related injuries and fatalities with increasing gasoline price is more a factor of the number of motorcycles on the road rather than operator characteristics.     

Supported Rh catalysts for the indirect partial oxidation of isooctane

The production of hydrogen from isooctane over three rhodium-based catalysts has been examined. The reaction entailed total oxidation of a proportion of the fuel followed by reforming of isooctane to produce hydrogen. Rhodium (1% wt) was impregnated on three different supports: alumina, ceria-alumina, and ceria-zirconia. No differences in catalytic activity were observed, but reaction yield changed with the support. Ceria-zirconia was found to be the preferred support since methanation did not occur over the catalyst.     

Impact of Ethanol on Benzene Plume Lengths: Microbial and Modeling Studies

Recent legislation in several states has called for the removal of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from gasoline. In order to comply with Federal Clean Air Act requirements for carbon monoxide and ozone attainment, ethanol is being considered as a replacement for MTBE. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of ethanol on benzene plume lengths in subsurface environments following accidental spills of ethanol-blended gasoline. Two types of studies were conducted here. First, laboratory studies were performed using a pure culture indigenous to a gasoline-contaminated aquifer to evaluate the effect of ethanol on the rate of benzene biodegradation under aerobic conditions. Results from microbial studies showed that the biodegradation of 25 mg/L benzene was severely inhibited in the presence of 25 mg/L ethanol. While the enzymes responsible for benzene biodegradation by the culture were inducible, ethanol degradation appeared to be constitutive. Second, a two-dimensional model was developed to quantify the impact of ethanol on benzene plume lengths using weighted-average aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation rates for benzene in the presence and absence of ethanol. Model simulations indicated that benzene plume lengths are likely to increase by 16–34% in the presence of ethanol.     

催化器对汽油机苯排放的影响

无铅汽油的广泛使用,使得汽油机苯及苯系物等有害物质的排放量有所增加.为了解三元催化器对汽油燃烧过程中苯及苯系物生成的影响,在HL495IQ电喷汽油机上进行了一系列试验.通过活性炭采样管收集尾气中的排放物,经气相色谱仪分析得到苯及苯系物的排放量,并对其生成规律进行了分析.     

EIS study of corrosion behavior of metallic materials in ethanol blended gasoline containing water as a contaminant

In the present paper, the effects of ethanol as a gasoline additive and water as a contaminant on the corrosion behavior of metallic components of a fuel delivery system were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) testing was performed in both water-free and water contaminated gasoline containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% ethanol without the addition of any supporting electrolyte. The surface of the specimens examined in 10% ethanol blended gasoline was observed by scanning electron microscope to understand what types of corrosion attack occurred. The results revealed that the addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel decreased the solution resistance and polarization resistance values of the specimens, resulting in an increase in the corrosion rates of these specimens in ethanol blended gasoline. Water contaminant caused a decrease in the polarization resistance of the ferrous specimens, whereas the observed behavior in others was reversed. Among the investigated metallic materials, the brazing alloy fared the best while Al 6061 alloy showed satisfactory corrosion resistance compared to the rest of the materials in both water-free and water-contaminated ethanol blended gasoline. Moreover, no localized attack was observed in corrosion products.     

汽油机均质混合气压燃燃烧（HCCI）技术

在汽油机普遍采用电控技术,发动机性能得到较大改善的今天,稀薄燃烧技术为汽油机性能的提高提供了广阔的前景。而HCCI燃烧技术,是一种集常规汽油机和柴油机于一体的新概念燃烧。本文在介绍HCCI燃烧技术的基础上,分析了汽油机实施HCCI的可行性,并介绍了HCCI发动机实用化所面临的问题,提出了废气再循控制HCCI燃烧过程的方案等。     

降低富氧条件下汽油机NOX排放技术方案分析

稀燃技术由于可以改善发动机的经济性和排放已越来越受到人们的重视。然而，由于稀燃的富氧燃烧，使得N0x降低较小。本文介绍并分析了国内外降低富氧下稀燃汽油机N0x排放的几种技术。     

容积式油耗仪流动方程与标定方法的研究

介绍应用不可压缩粘性流体的片流（层流）运动理论,建立,推导燃油流动方程,揭示了汽油机用容积式油耗仪传统的容积标定方法存在的问题,并研制出较精确的标定装置,为标定油耗仪提供了科学依据和方法。     

分层扫气技术在小型二冲程汽油机上的应用

本文为应对欧洲、美国的汽油机排放法规,提出一种分层扫气技术,利用这项技术,可以最大限度降低小型二冲程汽油机在扫气时未燃烧混合气的短路损失和提高燃烧效率,从而实现减少汽油机的HC和NOx排放指标的目的,并能大幅降低汽油机燃油消耗率,达到使小型二冲程汽油机即环保又节能的目的,为小型二冲程汽油机进入欧美市场扫清技术障碍。     

Improved continuous-time model for gasoline blend scheduling

This work introduces a reduced-size continuous-time model for scheduling of gasoline blends. Previously published model has been modified by (i) introducing new model features (penalty for deliveries in order to reduce sending material from different product tanks to the same order, product and blender-dependent minimum setup times, maximum delivery rate from component tanks, threshold volume for each blend), (ii) by reducing the number of integer variables, and (iii) by adding lower bounds on the blend and switching costs, which significantly improve convergence. Nonlinearities are introduced by ethyl RT-70 equations for octane blending. Medium-size linear problems (two blenders, more than 20 orders, 5 products) are solved to optimality within one or two minutes. Previously unsolved large scale blending problems (more than 35 orders, 5 product, 2 or 3 blenders) have also been solved to less than 0.5% optimality gap.