Novel Gemini Cationic Surfactants: Thermodynamic,Antimicrobial Susceptibility,and Corrosion Inhibition Behavior against Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The Egyptian oil and gas industry is suffering from severe metal corrosion problems, particularly microbial-induced corrosion. There is limited knowledge on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steels in the presence of an acidophilic, iron-oxidizing bacterial species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Therefore, in this study, novel Gemini cationic surfactants, in three forms depending on variation in alkyl chains of 8, 12, and 16 carbon atoms named FHPAO, FHPAD, and FHPAH, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The surface parameters and the thermodynamic of the synthesized surfactants were evaluated at three different temperatures, 20, 40, and 60 °C. The synthesized Gemini cationic surfactants were tested as broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antibacterial and anticandida agents. They evaluated as biocides and corrosion inhibitors against Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. FHPAD showed higher adsorption ability at the solution interface and higher affinity to construct micelles than FHPAO and FHPAH. Both adsorption and micellization processes were hydrophobic and temperature dependent. FHPAO, FHPAD and FHPAH exhibited wide-spectrum antimicrobial activities, and the highest activity and the lowest minimum bactericidal/fungicidal inhibitory concentrations were attributed to FHPAD. Furthermore, synthesized FHPAD demonstrated the highest metal corrosion inhibition efficiency of 95.5% at 5 mM in comparison to 87.5% and 81.7% for FHPAO and FHPAH, respectively. In conclusion, this study provides novel synthesized cationic surfactants with many applications in the oil and gas industry, such as broad-spectrum antimicrobial, biocides, and corrosion inhibitors for acidophilic, iron-oxidizing bacterial species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.     

丹参提取物抑菌活性的初步评价

目的:丹参根甲醇提取物体外抑菌活性评价。方法:采用牛津杯法和96孔板法,通过测定抑菌圈大小、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),比较丹参根甲醇提取物对10种常见细菌的抑制作用。结果:丹参根甲醇提取物对10种常见的细菌均表现出较强的抑菌活性,表皮葡萄球菌对提取物最敏感,其MIC和MBC均为1.52mg/mL。结论:丹参提取物作为天然的抗菌物质,具有广谱抗菌效果,有较高的应用潜力和开发前景。     

Combined effect of high pressure treatment and anti-microbial bio-sourced materials on microorganisms' growth in model food during storage

Antimicrobial bio-sourced films based on poly(lactic acid) containing either carvacrol or allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) were prepared and their antimicrobial properties were assessed on Botrytis cinerea during storage and after a high pressure (HP) “pasteurisation-like” treatment (up to 800 MPa at ambient temperature). A dry process (extrusion + thermomoulding) was used to shape the material. The high temperature encountered during film processing dramatically decreased the carvacrol and AITC content in the film, leading to a less efficient antimicrobial activity. The use of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to encapsulate the active compounds before film processing proved to be efficient to protect the AITC against thermal degradation and to control its release from the films during its use. PLA-based films containing either AITC or β-CD encapsulated AITC showed a significant activity against B. cinerea. An effective combination between the antimicrobial activity of AITC-based films and the high pressure treatment was observed on a model food system (PDA) inoculated with N × 10⁴ (N ~ 1–9) conidia of B. cinerea. An HP treatment of only 300 MPa associated with an antimicrobial PLA/β-CD system providing an initial quantity of active agents equivalent to 4 mg of AITC/L of air (i.e. almost 2 folds lower than the minimal inhibition concentration of the active packaging used alone, which was determined to be equal to 10 mg/L of air in the same conditions) was found more efficient (total inhibition of B. cinerea growth during 10 days) than an 800 MPa HP treatment used alone (increase of the lag phase growth of 3.3 days).

Industrial relevance

The consumer demand for “fresh like” product containing reduced amount of preservatives without compromising human and environmental safety needs the development of new preservation strategies. As a consequence, the concept of “hurdle technologies” has risen up. The combined effect of HP treatment and volatile antimicrobial packaging allowed the use of lower individual treatment intensities to inhibit B. cinerea growth. Combining such “hurdles” is of relevance in the context of development of low-cost and eco-friendly food technologies.     

肉桂油抑菌效果研究

采用滤纸片法测定抑菌圈,平板划线法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC),以及对单一菌种的气相抑菌实验和对空气中常见菌体的气相抑菌实验,研究了肉桂油对4种细菌、2种酵母、6种霉菌的抑菌活性及其最低抑菌浓度(MIC).结果表明:肉桂油对供试的细菌、酵母、霉菌均有较强的抑菌活性,并且对霉菌的抑菌活性更强一些,且肉桂油即使不直接加入到培养基中,其挥发成分在菌体表面对细菌、真菌和空气中常见菌体也均有较强的抑菌活性.对所有供试菌种的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)小于0.8mL/L,其中黑曲霉的MIC最低,达到0.05m1./L.     

常用防腐剂对西式火腿肠主要腐败菌抑菌作用的研究

目的:测定常用食品防腐剂对西式火腿主要腐败菌的抑制作用。方法:采用微量稀释法测定不同防腐剂对木糖葡萄球菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和雷氏普罗威登菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:对于木糖葡萄球菌(G+),抑菌效果最好的是Nisin和ε-聚赖氨酸,MIC均为12.5μg/mL;对于地衣芽孢杆菌(G+),抑菌效果最好的是D-异抗坏血酸钠、丙酸钙、柠檬酸和柠檬醛,MIC均为12.5μg/mL;对于雷氏普罗威登菌(G-),抑菌效果最好的是过氧化氢和柠檬酸,MIC均为25μg/mL。结论:不同防腐剂对西式火腿肠主要腐败菌的抑制效果有所差异,应复配使用。     

大蒜油抗菌作用的初步研究

就大蒜油对一些常见的污染食品的微生物进行了抑制与杀灭作用的研究。结果表明，大蒜油对供试微生物具有很强的抑制与杀灭作用。     

Pressure loss and compensation in the combustion process of Al–CuO nanoenergetics on a microheater chip

This study investigates pressure loss and compensation in the combustion process of Al–CuO metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) on a microheater chip. A ball cell model of pressure change in the combustion process is proposed to show the effects of pressure loss on the reaction rate and efficiency of energy output at microscale. An effective compensation method for pressure loss is then developed by integrating Al–CuO MIC with CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane) onto a SiO₂/Cr/Pt/Au microheater chip. The combustion processes of Al–CuO MIC with different weight percentages of fine CL-20 particles on the microheater chips are observed by high-speed video recording. Results indicate that the reaction of Al–CuO MIC is a slow combustion process that turns into intense deflagration after adding fine CL-20 particles to Al–CuO MIC. The pressure–time characteristics indicate higher maximum pressure and pressurization rate for Al–CuO/CL-20 because the pressure loss at microscale is well compensated by the addition of fine CL-20. This study proves the importance of pressure loss in the combustion process of MIC at microscale and provides an efficient compensation strategy for pressure loss to improve the reaction rate and efficiency of energy output at microscale environment.     

Polymer brush coatings for combating marine biofouling

A variety of functional polymer brushes and coatings have been developed for combating marine biofouling and biocorrosion with much less environmental impact than traditional biocides. This review summarizes recent developments in marine antifouling polymer brushes and coatings that are tethered to material surfaces and do not actively release biocides. Polymer brush coatings have been designed to inhibit molecular fouling, microfouling and macrofouling through incorporation or inclusion of multiple functionalities. Hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), hydrogels, zwitterionic polymers and polysaccharides, resist attachment of marine organisms effectively due to extensive hydration. Fouling release polymer coatings, based on fluoropolymers and poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers, minimize adhesion between marine organisms and material surfaces, leading to easy removal of biofoulants. Polycationic coatings are effective in reducing marine biofouling partly because of their good bactericidal properties. Recent advances in controlled radical polymerization and click chemistry have also allowed better molecular design and engineering of multifunctional brush coatings for improved antifouling efficacies.     

海洋中石油烃类降解与微生物腐蚀关系研究

在工程实践中,国家重要的海洋工程设施（如海底输油管线和船舶燃料系统等）发生的腐蚀破坏案例常常涉及到油水环境,并与微生物腐蚀作用密切相关,而了解海洋含油环境中石油烃类的生物转换机制是了解微生物腐蚀的关键。阐述了海洋环境中降解石油烃类的主要微生物及其降解机制,其在有氧和无氧条件下呈现不同的特点。微生物降解石油烃类过程中非常重要的一步即为接受电子,该过程将生物无法直接利用的化学能转换成可直接利用的能量形式,即腺苷三磷酸（ATP）。有氧条件下的烃类降解以氧气作为最终电子受体,而在缺氧条件下可利用硝酸盐、铁离子、硫酸盐等作为电子受体。海洋环境中的石油烃类会促进腐蚀性硫化物的生成,因此油水环境下的微生物腐蚀机理以硫化物的腐蚀破坏为主。此外,烃类降解过程产生的琥珀酸等酸性中间代谢物也会加剧腐蚀的发生。但目前关于海洋油水环境中微生物群落作为一个整体展现出的功能性及其对钢铁设施的破坏机理,仍然缺乏系统性的研究,而基于高通量测序的微生物组学研究技术将成为有效解决这些问题的手段之一。     

多种电化学技术联合分析研究海洋微生物对钢铁的腐蚀作用

生物膜是金属发生海洋微生物腐蚀的主要作用因素之一。本文采用腐蚀电位、极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、电偶电流等多种电化学技术联合分析,研究了天然高分子凝胶(海藻酸钙)模拟生物膜对10CrMoAl低合金钢以及1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响,得到影响海洋微生物腐蚀过程的信息,与实海实验结果相吻合,说明了各种电化学技术应用于海洋微生物腐蚀研究的可行性与局限性,多种电化学技术联合分析可以为国产的海洋用金属材料在国内海域中的微生物腐蚀研究提供详细可靠的信息。