微波放电NO-O2-H2O-He体系脱除NO的数值模拟

采用微波放电NO-O2-H2O-He体系脱除NO的反应模型,对NO脱除及其转化进行分析计算。通过建立并数值求解化学反应动力学方程组,对NO-O2-H2O-He体系微波直接分解脱除NO过程进行反应动力学研究,分析影响NO脱除效率及其向N2和NO2转化的各种因素及规律。计算结果表明,在NO-O2-H2O-He体系中,微波功率,NO、O2和H2O的初始浓度等对NO脱除效率有较大影响,即微波功率的增大有利于NO的脱除及其向N2的转化;NO初始浓度的增加降低了体系的微波脱硝效率;脱硝效率随着模拟烟气相对湿度的增加而增加;微波放电条件下,O2的加入可增加产物中NO2的生成量;微波放电NO-O2-H2O-He体系脱除NO为还原和氧化反应共同作用的结果,NO转化为N2的效率总大于其转化为NO2的效率。     

O2／CO2气氛下无烟煤及烟煤燃烧NO释放特性对比试验研究

研究了一种烟煤和一种无烟煤在氧气体积浓度21％～100％的O2／CO2气氛下的水平管式炉中1073K时的NO生成特性。结果表明O2／CO2气氛下的NO的生成量小于空气条件下的一半。在焦炭表面生成的CO是减少NO生成的主要原因。O2／CO2下燃料N向NO的转化率随氧气的浓度增加上升,并在较高氧气浓度时持平。NO的析出过程受煤种的影响。烟煤在挥发分析出阶段有一定的NO伴随大量CO析出而生成,而无烟煤则没有。无烟煤的NO转化率比烟煤高。     

Protective effects of Dragon's Blood on blood coagulation and NO/iNOS level in myocardium and serum of rats in simulated microgravity

To investigate effects of Dragon''s Blood (DB), a traditional Chinese medicine, on blood coagulation and NO/iNOS level in myocardium and serum of rats in simulated microgravity for the first time, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups:(a) 5-day control group, (b) 5-day model group, (c) 5-day drug group, (d) 21-day control group, (e) 21-day model group, and (f) 21-day drug group. Blood coagulation and NO/iNOS level in myocardium and serum were examined after 5 and 21 days of simulated microgravity respectively. The results showed that blood of tail-suspended rats was in a hypercoagulable state that could not be converted with time extending. Conversely, DB changed these parameters towards normal level and the curative effects became better when tail-suspension lasted till the 21st day. NO concentration of both myocardium and serum for two periods all increased markedly and DB could effectively reduce these increases except that of 21-day myocardium NO. Activity of iNOS increased markedly as early as 5 days and became more serious on the 21st day, while DB showed preventive effect on the 21st day. Western Blot analysis illustrated that the expression of iNOS in the 5-day model group increased significantly over the 5-day control group and the expression in the 5-day drug group dramatically returned to the normal level. The similar trend was observed on the 21-day groups without notable variances. The findings of this study can serve for the further use of Dragon''s Blood in space diseases.     

废气再循环(EGR)在内燃机中的应用

本文阐述了内燃机中废气再循环(EGR)系统降低NOx的基本原理和NOx的生成途径与机理。指出了双燃料发动机中应用EGR的优点。简述了冷却废气再循环的原理及其国内此项技术的发展方向。     

无烟煤恒温燃烧过程中NO和SO2瞬态释放特性研究

在高温一维卧式炉上,研究了阳泉无烟煤在富氧情况下恒温燃烧的NO、SO2等的瞬态释放特性.主要在1 000℃、1 300℃、1 500℃3个温度等级下瞬态燃烧,在线测量了不同温度等级下的NO、SO2等释放特性以及计算了生成的NO中的氮和煤粉中的氮的比率.研究发现随着温度的升高,NO释放提前,NO释放过程缩短,NO释放峰值升高.随着温度的升高,生成的NO中的氮占煤粉中的氮的比率却下降.这主要由于温度高引起的更多的挥发分氮的迅速集中释放和局部高温低氧氛围更有利于NO的还原.即使是1 500℃,有热力型NO生成的情况下,NO生成量还是小于温度较低时的情况.SO2的生成过程滞后于NO,且生成量随温度上升而增加.     

Assessing the cyclic-variability of spark-ignition engine running on methane-hydrogen blends with high hydrogen contents of up to 50%

The cyclic variability in a spark-ignition (SI) engine is examined fueled with methane/hydrogen blends with the use of an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. A recent methodology is followed, which has been developed with the main aim at providing accurate predictions of the coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) in a fraction of time. Instead of simulating several tens of engine cycles, the methodology is based on the numerical results obtained from just 5 cycles, which are then processed for developing suitable fitted correlations of the main parameters as a function of a normalized distance. The latter expresses the distance of the spheres of the initial flame within the computational cell at the spark-plug region with the local turbulent eddy, and provides a smooth transition from the laminar burning regime to the fully turbulent one. This sub-model is included in the ignition numerical approach and is applied here in a SI engine with 3 different hydrogen contents, 10%, 30% and 50%, and three equivalence ratios, 1, 0.8 and 0.7, showing that the COV of IMEP is well predicted compared to the available measured data. Other parameters of engine cycle variations are also examined, such as the distribution of the IMEP. The variability of NO (nitric oxide) emissions is also examined, showing that for the stoichiometric cases it follows a distribution similar to a normal (Gaussian) one, while for lower ratios it is positively skewed. Overall, the methodology seems to provide reliable results for the whole range of the operating conditions examined, while the next steps of this activity will focus on similar cases for engine with variable speed and load, with the final goal to include additional mechanisms that contribute to the engine cycle variations.     

Studies on solvent extraction of La(III) using [A336][NO3–] and modeling by statistical analysis and neural network

Solvent extraction of La(III) from acidic nitrate medium has been studied with [A336][NO₃^–] in kerosene. The factors affecting the extraction of La(III) like equilibration time, nitrate ion, extractant and La(III) concentrations, aqueous acidity, O/A ratio variation, nature of diluent, and temperature have been investigated. McCabe-Thiele diagram has been plotted to find out the actual number of theoretical stages needed for complete extraction of lanthanum. The solvent has been successfully regenerated for further use after stripping of the metal. IR studies of [A336][NO₃^–] and La(III) loaded [A336][NO₃^–] have been carried out. Modeling of extraction data has been done using Multiple linear regression analysis and Artificial Neural Network, and the performances have been compared. Error in each case was evaluated in terms of R² and Root mean squared error (RMSE). Maximum extraction of La(III) was 82% when 0.6 M [A336][NO₃^–] was used for extraction. About 98% of the metal has been recovered using 0.2 M HNO₃ as stripping agent. Extractive separation of La(III) and Sm(III) was maximum (β = 65.2) using 0.1 M [A336][NO₃^–]. IR studies revealed formation of lanthanum complex in the extraction process. Artificial Neural Network proved to be better over Multiple linear regression in data prediction.     

Physicochemical properties of pine-derived bio-chars modified by metal oxides and their performance in the removal of NO

Pine-derived bio-chars have been prepared at different temperatures with and without KOH chemical activation. Three metal oxides (V₂O₅, MnO and CuO) were loaded on this chars by incipient-wetness impregnation method respectively. Pine wood pellets were characterized by thermogravimetric, and pine-chars samples were characterized by SEM-EDS, XRD, N₂ physisorption and FTIR. Activity test for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ was also carried out in dry simulated flue gas at fixed temperature 160 °C. The results show that pretreatment with KOH and carbonization at 600 °C seems to be the best method for pine-chars preparation. Active metal oxides are well distributed on the surface of carbon support and are partly reduced by carbon during preparation. The mesopores disappear in V- and Mn-containing samples, and V-addition could decrease the amount of micropores as well. At the fixed temperature 160 °C, the active metal oxides have an order of CuO > V₂O₅ >> MnO_x >> Non-modified sample on the NO reduction activity. Pine-chars modified by CuO seems to be the best option in this research.     

Five New Oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensis

In the course of our continuing search for bioactive constituents of Korean medicinal plants, we isolated five new oxylipins, chaenomic acid A–E ( 1 – 5 ), and six known ones ( 6 – 11 ) from the twigs of Chaenomeles sinensis. The structures of the new compounds ( 1 – 5 ) were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR (¹H and ¹³C NMR, ¹H–¹H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY), olefin cross‐metathesis, and LC/MS analysis. The known compounds ( 6 – 11 ) were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data and specific optical rotation with the reported data. The isolated compounds ( 1 – 11 ) were tested for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide‐activated murine microglial cells and for their cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines (A549, SK‐OV‐3, A498, and HCT‐15).