The statistical modeling of surface roughness in high-speed flat end milling

Surface roughness is one of the most important requirements in machining process. The surface roughness value is a result of the tool wear. When tool wear increase, the surface roughness also increases. The determination of the sufficient cutting parameters is a very important process obtained by means of both minimum surface roughness values and long tool life. The statistical models were developed to predict the surface roughness.This paper presents the development of a statistical model for surface roughness estimation in a high-speed flat end milling process under wet cutting conditions, using machining variables such as spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and step over. First- and second-order models were developed using experimental results of a rotatable central composite design, and assessed by means of various statistical tests. The highest coefficient of correlation (R_adj²) (88%) was obtained with a 10-parameter second-order model. Meanwhile, a time trend was observed in residual values between model predictions and experimental data, reflecting the probable effect of the tool wear on surface roughness. Thus, in order to enhance the estimation capability of the model, another independent variable was included into the model to account for the effect of the tool wear, and the total operating time of the tool was selected as the most suitable variable for this purpose. By inserting this new variable as a linear term into the model, R_adj² was increased to 94% and a good fit was observed between the model predictions and supplementary experimental data.In this study, it was observed that, the order of significance of the main variables is as X₅>X₃>X₄>X₁>X₂ (total machining time, depth of cut, step over, spindle speed and feed rate, respectively).     

Effect of operating conditions in removal of arsenic from water by nanofiltration membrane

The removal of arsenic from synthetic waters and surface water by nanofiltration (NF) membrane was investigated. In synthetic solutions, arsenic rejection experiments included variation of arsenic retentate concentration, transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity and temperature. Arsenic rejection increased with arsenic retentate concentration. Arsenic was removed 93-99% from synthetic feed waters containing between 100 and 382 μg/L as V, resulting in permeate arsenic concentrations of about 5 μg/L. Under studied conditions, arsenic rejection was independent of transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity and temperature. In surface water, the mean rejection of As V was 95% while the rejection of sulfate was 97%. The co-occurrence of dissolved inorganics does not significantly influence arsenic rejection. The mean concentration of As in collected permeated was 8 μg/L. The mean rejection of TDS, total hardness and conductivity were 75, 88 and 75% respectively.     

Review of Operating Experience Of Ozone Systems In Municipal Plants In The United States

The treatment chemical ozone has now been successfully used in the United States in municipal water and wastewater plants for many years. To insure continuous, successful operations of these applications, operating obstacles had to be dealt with and overcome.

In this paper, examples of field operating problems and their solutions are described. The experiences at specific municipal water and wastewater installations are reviewed in detail. Discussed for each example are : the background and effects of the problem, the problem-solving process, and the eventual resolution of the problem. The examples include simple unit operations to entire processes.

By observing the ozone installation's operation several years after start-up, the design of future ozone systems can be improved and operating problems minimized.     

浅谈如何推进油田廉洁风险防控工作机制的建立

为了深入开展廉洁风险防控工作,作为中国石化企业都应该积极探索切实可行的廉洁风险防控机制,通过全员清权查险,全面制度预防,建立防控机制,初步形成"权责清晰、流程规范、风险明确、预警及时、监控有效"的特色廉洁风险防控体系,有力促进企业廉洁风险惩防体系的建设。     

Thermal error measurement and modelling in machine tools.: Part I. Influence of varying operating conditions

Thermal error in machine tools has been observed to be closely linked to the temperature of critical elements of the machine. It was found, in the experiments conducted herein, that there was a significant increase in the axis positioning error on account of an increase in the temperature of the machine elements due to continuous operation. However, it was also observed that the specific operating parameters of the test cycles carried out also significantly affected the positioning error. Different sets of operating parameters generated significantly different error values even though the temperature of the machine elements generated by those operating conditions was similar. As such, this observation forms a very important consideration in the development of a generic thermal error compensation system. It appears to indicate that such a system needs to be capable of evaluating the compensation depending upon the temperature values of the machine elements as well as account for the effect that different operating parameters induce upon the positioning error under the same thermal condition of the machine. This paper attempts to analyse the thermal behaviour of a three-axis vertical machining centre under the influence of various operating parameters and, through the experimental results obtained, point out and explain the effect of these parameters on the axis positioning error. This behaviour forms the basis of an improved modelling methodology that is presented separately in Part II of this paper.     

PDA的介绍及其应用

本文首先介绍了PDA的定义、分类、发展和主流操作系统,然后阐述了其主要应用的领域,最后以一个实例讲解PDA在仓库管理中的实际应用。     

以负载均衡和数据缓存为例谈操作系统启发式教学

针对在传统操作系统教学中存在灌输知识的状况和计算机多处理器并发带来的影响,从多核环境下的简单问题出发,在分析操作系统多核环境下进程调度的基础上,提出如何完美实现负载均衡机制。通过增加Cache数量和容量增加数据命中率,提升系统性能,结合学生学习新课程知识的实际,以启发式案例教学的方式系统分析操作系统在多核环境下的进程调度问题,使学生从一个简单问题入手逐渐掌握较深入的知识。     

《操作系统》课程教学改革思考与实践

《操作系统》是一门重要的基础课程,学生在学习中往往存在着感觉理论过多、难以理解、动手能力差等问题。针对在信息安全专业学生教学当中遇到的问题,尝试以实践为导向和手段,从授课内容、教学方法、淡化考核、突出动手、注重综合能力和素质等方面进行教学改革尝试。实践证明,学生的理论知识掌握程度、动手能力和综合素质都能得到提升。     

国产化计算平台在指挥控制系统中的应用研究

本文阐述了国产化计算平台的概念及主要组成,提出了国产化计算平台在指挥控制系统中的应用设想。最后给出了基于国产化计算平台研发的小型化多雷达点迹航迹混合融合处理设备的设计实现和实际运行效果,验证了本文提出的应用设想。     

Linux2．6进程调度策略分析

分析了Linux2．6进程调度密切相关的一些数据结构,详细描述了进程调度的时机、调度的策略和调度的算法上的策略,这些改进使得Linux2．6进程调度程序实现了O（1）调度算法,支持抢占式调度,并且增强了对实时任务和SMP的支持。