汽油在线优化调合系统实践

为了保证汽油调合辛烷值的准确性,在减少辛烷值浪费的同时应避免因辛烷值低于标准值而造成质量事故。参考国内外汽油在线优化调合的各种技术方案,设计了一种适合中国国情的汽油在线优化调合控制系统。经中石化天津和洛阳炼油厂应用证明,系统很好地解决了调合过程中的辛烷值控制及优化问题,取得了较好的经济效益。     

Natural draft and forced primary air combustion properties of a top-lit up-draft research furnace

Worldwide, over four million people die each year due to emissions from cookstoves. To address this problem, advanced cookstoves are being developed, with one system, called a top-lit up-draft (TLUD) gasifier stove, showing particular potential in reducing the production of harmful emissions. A novel research furnace analogy of a TLUD gasifier stove has been designed to study the TLUD combustion process. A commissioning procedure was established under natural draft and forced primary air conditions. A visual assessment was performed and the temperature and emissions profiles were recorded to identify the combustion phases. The efficiency was evaluated through the nominal combustion efficiency (NCE = CO₂/(CO₂ + CO)), which is very high in the migrating pyrolysis phase, averaging 0.9965 for the natural draft case. Forced primary air flows yield similar efficiencies. In the lighting phase and char gasification phase the NCE falls to 0.8404 and 0.6572 respectively in the natural draft case. When providing forced primary air flows, higher NCE values are achieved with higher air flows in the lighting phase, while with lower air flows in the char gasification phase. In the natural draft case high H₂ emissions are also found in the lighting and char gasification phases, the latter indicating incomplete pyrolysis. From the comparison of the natural draft with the forced draft configurations, it is evident that high efficiency and low emissions of incomplete combustion can only be achieved with high controllability of the air flow in the different phases of combustion.     

Slow and fast pyrolysis of Douglas-fir lignin: Importance of liquid-intermediate formation on the distribution of products

The formation of liquid intermediates and the distribution of products were studied under slow and fast pyrolysis conditions. Results indicate that monomers are formed from lignin oligomeric products during secondary reactions, rather than directly from the native lignin. Lignin from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) wood was extracted using the milled wood enzyme lignin isolation method. Slow pyrolysis using a microscope with hot-stage captured the liquid formation (>150 °C), shrinking, swelling (foaming), and evaporation behavior of lignin intermediates. The activation energy (E_a) for 5–80% conversions was 213 kJ mol⁻¹, and the pre-exponential factor (log A) was 24.34. Fast pyrolysis tests in a wire mesh reactor were conducted (300–650 °C). The formation of the liquid intermediate was visualized with a fast speed camera (250 Hz), showing the existence of three well defined steps: formation of lignin liquid intermediates, foaming and liquid intermediate swelling, and evaporation and droplet shrinking. GC/MS and UV-Fluorescence of the mesh reactor condensate revealed lignin oligomer formation but no mono-phenols were seen. An increase in pyrolytic lignin yield was observed as temperature increased. The molar mass determined by ESI-MS was not affected by pyrolysis temperature. SEM of the char showed a smooth surface with holes, evidence of a liquid intermediate with foaming; bursting from these foams could be responsible for the removal of lignin oligomers. Py-GC/MS studies showed the highest yield of guaiacol compounds at 450–550 °C.     

Converting Alkali Lignin to Biofuels over NiO/HZSM‐5 Catalysts Using a Two‐Stage Reactor

A series of NiO/HZSM‐5 catalysts were used to convert alkali lignin to hydrocarbon biofuels in a two‐stage catalytic pyrolysis system. The results indicated that all NiO/HZSM‐5 catalysts reduced the content of undesirable phenols, furans, and alcohols of the biofuel compared to non‐catalytic treatment. The NiO/HZSM‐5 catalyst with the lowest amount of NiO generated the highest biofuel yield in all catalytic treatments, and it also produced biofuel with the highest content of hydrocarbons. The emission of carbon oxides (CO and CO₂) increased in the treatments with higher‐NiO loading HZSM‐5 due to the redox reaction between NiO and the oxygenated compounds in the bio‐oil. Ni₂SiO₄ was generated in the used NiO/HZSM‐5 catalysts during the high‐temperature pyrolysis process.     

独山子焦化汽油单独加氢试验评价研究

采用一种加氢催化剂,以中国石油独山子石化分公司(独山子石化)焦化汽油为原料,开展焦化汽油单独加氢生产乙烯裂解原料石脑油的可行性试验研究,通过对反应温度、体积空速、氢油比的考察,确定了适宜条件:单独加氢时,温度290~295℃,体积空速为2.0~2.5 h~(-1),氢油比300,压力2.5 MPa;稀释后焦化汽油单独加氢时,温度280℃,体积空速为2.0~2.5 h~(-1),氢油比300,压力2.5 MPa,产品性质均能达到石脑油质量要求。由于催化剂易结焦,装置稳定运行受限,因此,该催化剂不适合双烯值较高的焦化汽油单独加氢,独山子石化焦化汽油也不适合单独加氢,掺炼更为适合。     

Study on the nitrogen transformation during the primary pyrolysis of sewage sludge by Py-GC/MS and Py-FTIR

The nitrogen transformation with attention to the intermediates and NO_x precursors has been investigated during the primary pyrolysis of sewage sludge by using Pyrolyzer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and Pyrolyzer-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (Py-FTIR). A three-stage process of nitrogen transformation during the sewage sludge pyrolysis was suggested. The decomposition of labile protein and inorganic ammonium salt mainly occurred in the first stage (<300 °C), giving rise to a small amount of NH₃. In the second stage (300–600 °C), the macromolecular protein firstly cracked into small molecular amine compounds, and then went through deamination process, contributed to a large release of NH₃. In the third stage (600–900 °C), the amine compounds converted into nitriles, and generated a large amount of HCN, while the formation of NH₃ slowed down accordingly.     

Energy recovery from microalgal biomass via enhanced thermo-chemical process

This work showed that microalgae having low lipid content has high potential for energy recovery via thermo-chemical processes. As an example, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) was considered and tested. Specifically, this work verified that the growth rate of M. aeruginosa was extremely fast compared to other microalgae (as a factor of ∼10). Moreover, this work investigated the CO₂ co-feed impact on thermo-chemical processes (pyrolysis/gasification) using M. aeruginosa. Introducing CO₂ in the thermo-chemical process as reaction media or feedstock can enhance the efficiency of thermo-chemical processes by expediting the cracking capability of condensable hydrocarbons (tar). The generation of CO was enhanced as a factor of ∼2. Further generation of H₂ could be achieved in the presence of CO₂. Thus, utilizing CO₂ as reaction media or chemical feedstock can modify the end products into environmentally benign and desirable ones. The CO₂ co-feed impact on thermo-chemical processes with lingo-cellulosic biomass can be universally applied.     

High precision in-cylinder gas thermometry using Laser Induced Gratings: Quantitative measurement of evaporative cooling with gasoline/alcohol blends in a GDI optical engine

The first application of Laser Induced Thermal Gratings Spectroscopy (LITGS) for precision thermometry in a firing GDI optical engine is reported. Crank-angle resolved temperature values were derived from LITGS signals generated in fuel vapour with a pressure dependent precision in the range 0.1–1.0% allowing differences in evaporative or charge cooling effects arising from a variety of ethanol and methanol blends with a model gasoline fuel to be quantified. In addition, fluctuations in temperature arising from cyclic variations in compression were directly detected and measured.     

Kinetic modeling and simulation: Pyrolysis of Jatropha residue de-oiled cake

An improved kinetic model based on thermal decomposition of biomass constituents, i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, is developed in the present study. The model considers the independent parallel reactions of order n producing volatiles and charcoal from each biomass constituent. While estimating the kinetic parameters, the order of degradation of biomass constituents is also checked and found to be matching with the order of degradation reported in the literature. The results of thermo-gravimetric analysis of Jatropha de-oiled cakes are used to find the kinetic parameters. The experimental runs are carried out using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA 4000, Perkin Elmer). TGA study is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates and the thermal decomposition profiles are used. The model is simulated using finite difference method to predict the pyrolysis rate. The corresponding parameters of the model are estimated by minimizing the square of the error between the model predicted values of residual weight fraction and the experimental data of thermogravimetry. The minimization of square of the error is performed using non-traditional optimization technique logarithmic differential evolution (LDE).     

煤基SN级5W-30汽油机油行车试验研究

行车试验是全面评价汽油机油（润滑油）性能的重要方法。分别对自研煤基5W-30汽油机油和市售SN 5W-30汽油机油进行10 000 km行车试验研究，依据国家标准GB/T 8028—2010《汽油机油换油指标》对不同行驶里程下的旧油进行理化性能分析。结果表明：10 000 km行车试验后，2种汽油机油性能指标均未超过换油指标要求，仍有较大性能余量；相比市售SN 5W-30汽油机，自研煤基汽油机油行车试验后铁含量和酸值增加更小，碱值余量更大，表现出更优异的润滑性能、抗氧化性能、抗磨损性能和清洁分散性能。