加油加气站在城市中的规划建设研究

结合城市汽车加油加气站近年来的发展情况,对现存加油加气站供需不均衡、布局不合理、建筑陈旧等问题进行了分析,并对加油加气站的规划布局提出了新要求,以期合理选择加油加气站的位置,最大化的发挥加油加气站服务城市的职能作用。     

有机进样-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定汽油中的磷含量

采用有机进样-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定汽油中的磷含量。以异辛烷为稀释剂,按照m(汽油)∶m(异辛烷)=1∶3加以稀释后直接进入ICP-AES(电感耦合等离子体发射光谱)仪测定。结果表明,该方法工作标准曲线在0~10 mg/kg(即稀释前磷含量在0~40 mg/kg)范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 2,方法检出限为0.156 mg/kg,相对标准偏差5.0%,回收率在96.3%~105.8%之间。     

FD2G加氢转化技术研发及应用

目前我国炼油市场柴汽比下降、环保法规日趋严格,催化柴油(LCO)油品价值降低,炼油企业急需调整产品结构,为其寻找新的出路。而国内面临着高辛烷值汽油短缺的情况,因此将催化柴油转化为高辛烷值汽油是一条降低柴汽比、增产汽油的有效途径。结合催化柴油的性质从反应机理、试验数据及工业应用等方面介绍了FD2G加氢转化技术。结果表明:FD2G加氢转化技术可将催化柴油加氢转化为高辛烷值汽油和清洁柴油调和组分,同时可生产轻质芳烃原料等高附加值产品。     

汽油加氢装置分馏部分模拟优化

随着国家新一轮汽油质量升级的实施,国内研发了多种催化汽油加氢技术。应用PROII软件,利用Distillation、Flash及Simple HX模块,模拟了120万t/a汽油选择性加氢装置的轻、重馏分分馏,并对分馏塔的控制因素、操作因素进行研究,最终确定了装置的设计操作条件,实现了生产合格低硫汽油产品以及减少设备投资及操作费用的目的。     

Mechanical,structural and oxidation resistance enhancement of carbon foam by in situ grown SiC nanowires

A method for processing carbon foams containing both silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires and bulk SiC and silicon nitride (Si3N4) phases has been developed by reaction of powder mixtures containing precursors for carbon, sacrificial template, silicon (Si), short carbon fibers (SCF) and activated carbon (AC). In situ growth of Si nanowires during pyrolysis of the foam at 1000 °C under N2 changed the foam׳s microstructure by covering the porous skeleton inside and out. In situ-grown SiC nanowires were found smoothly curved with diameters ranging around two main modes at 30 and 500 nm while their lengths were up to several tens of micrometers. SCF were found effectively mixed and well-bonded to pore walls. Following density, porosity and pore size distribution analyses, the heat-treated (HT) foam was densified using a chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process. Thereafter, density increased from 0.62 to 1.30 g/cm³ while flexural strength increased from 29.3 to 49.1 MPa. The latter increase was attributed to the densification process as well as to low surface defects, presence of SCF and coating, by SiC nanowires, of the entire SiC matrix porous structure. The foam׳s oxidation resistance improved significantly from 58 to 84 wt% residual mass of the heat treated and densified sample. The growth mechanism of Si nanowires was supported by the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism developed under pyrolysis conditions of novolac and reducing environment of coal cover.     

Assessment of waste plastic oil blends on performance,combustion and emission parameters in direct injection compression ignition engine

The present experimental investigation deals with the transformation of waste plastic into oil in a pyrolysis reactor. A single feed at a rate of 8?kg yielded 675?ml of pyrolytic oil. The physiochemical properties of plastic oil (PO) were found to be within American Society for Testing and Material standards with higher kinematic viscosity and carbon residue. The GC-MS and Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis studies revealed the presence of 14 different compounds in PO. Straight diesel–PO blending was carried out at 15% and 30% in volume ratio. At full-load condition, in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, rate of heat release and peak pressure were higher for PO30% than straight diesel. The brake thermal efficiency for PO blends was found to be slightly higher than straight diesel with a significant increase in brake-specific fuel consumption. Unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), CO NO _x and smoke emission showed significant variation with PO blends. The physiochemical properties of PO blends significantly affect the engine performance.     

生产国Ⅳ汽油OCT-M与OCT-MD方案对比

为了配合中石化集团公司关于汽油产品质量升级的任务,石家庄炼化分公司32万t/a汽油加氢装置对国Ⅳ汽油的生产情况进行OCT-M与OCT-MD流程对比标定,结果表明,该装置具备完成汽油产品质量升级的能力,并于2013年9月成功开始生产符合国IV标准的汽油。     

Inventory pinch based,multiscale models for integrated planning and scheduling‐part II: Gasoline blend scheduling

Integration of planning and scheduling optimizes simultaneous decisions at both levels, thereby leading to more efficient operation. A three‐level discrete‐time algorithm which uses nonlinear models and integrates planning and detailed scheduling is introduced: first level optimizes nonlinear blend models via multiperiod nonlinear programming (NLP), where period boundaries are initially determined by the inventory pinch points; second level uses fixed recipes (from the first level) in a multiperiod mixed‐integer linear program to determine first an optimal production plan and then to optimize an approximate schedule which minimizes the total number of switches in blenders and swing tanks; third level computes detailed schedules that adhere to inventory constraints computed in the approximate schedule. If inventory infeasibilities appear at the second or the third level, the first‐level periods are subdivided and blend recipes are reoptimized. Algorithm finds the same or better solutions and is substantially faster than previously published full‐space continuous‐time model. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2475–2497, 2014     

Controlled hierarchical porosity of hybrid ceramics by leaching water soluble templates and pyrolysis

Hybrid ceramics, polysiloxane-derived materials, feature adjustable surface characteristics and high specific surface areas, making the material promising for applications such as gas separation. For increased permeability in gas separation processes or accessibility of active sites, additional porosity on multiple length scales is desired. In this study, we demonstrate how water soluble templates can be utilized to obtain a controlled hierarchical porosity. KCl sieving fractions are used for adjusting the macroporosity and a polysiloxane precursor, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, to create mesopores. The generation of micro- and mesopores is characterized by nitrogen adsorption while the macroporosity is examined by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion. Water and n-heptane vapor sorption experiments show the control of the surface characteristics of the material by the pyrolysis temperature. In summary, leaching of water soluble templates for meso- and macropores combined with micro pore generation by pyrolytic decomposition enables pore size control on three different length scales.     

延迟焦化装置辐射炉进料增加轻蜡油的技术改造分析

在对中石油西北某厂延迟焦化装置进行的扩能改造中,采用了辐射炉增加轻蜡油的工艺技术。改造结果说明,利用轻蜡油循环,改变辐射进料循环比,增产汽柴油收率并降低能耗,经济效益显著。