Hollow porous carbon microspheres obtained by the pyrolysis of TiO2/poly(furfuryl alcohol) composite precursors

Disordered carbon materials with high porosity were prepared through the pyrolysis of TiO₂/poly(furfuryl alcohol) composites, obtained by the sol-gel method. The composites were prepared starting from titanium tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP) and furfuryl alcohol (FA) as precursors. Two different synthetic procedures for our composites were carried out, based on the addition of furfuryl alcohol (FA) before or after the TiO₂ nanoparticles formation. Also, different TTIP/FA ratio was tested. The hybrid materials obtained by both synthetic routes were pyrolyzed, under argon flow, at 900 °C producing novel TiO₂/carbon composites. All samples were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, DR-FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and TEM. Results indicated the effective FA polymerization on TiO₂ (anatase) nanoparticles, and polymer conversion to disordered carbon after the pyrolysis, simultaneously with TiO₂ anatase-rutile phase transition. The resulting TiO₂/carbon composites were treated with HF solution aiming the oxide dissolution, yielding an extremely porous carbon material as insoluble fraction. The morphology of these porous carbon materials is strongly dependent on the synthetic route adopted for the composite precursor, varying from carbon foam to highly ordered hollow microspheres.     

尾气余热制氢汽油机的燃烧机理构建与简化

为了对尾气余热制氢汽油机的缸内燃烧进行仿真,发展了适合这一燃烧形式的反应机理.分析了重整气的组分,选用甲烷机理GRI 3.0和汽油替代燃料机理,构建了包含334种组分和1672步反应的可用于汽油/重整气燃烧仿真的详细机理,并通过直接关系图法对构建的详细机理进行了简化,最后得到了包含40种组分和171步反应的简化机理.通过一维汽油机模型对该简化机理进行了验证,验证内容包括缸内平均压力、压力误差、缸内平均温度、温度误差、放热率、放热率误差以及OH的摩尔分数,验证了简化机理的有效性.     

超临界乙醇提质生物油的汽油机试验研究

配制了典型的模型油模拟提质产物中的中质成分(沸点为80~200℃),在1台单缸4冲程汽油机上对模型油、模型油-汽油混合燃料及汽油进行试验研究.结果表明:调整化油器结构适当增加供油量,在不改变发动机其他特性的条件下,燃用模型油的动力略微下降,下降幅度在5%以内,能耗率平均下降了8.47%;HC和CO排放远远低于汽油,平均下降了42.97%和66.7%,但NOX和CO2排放明显上升,相对汽油平均分别上升了29.47%和20.17%.对汽油机不作任何调整,燃用模型油体积分数10%(B10)和20%(B20)的混合燃料的动力特性及排放特性一般介于汽油与模型油之间.     

雾霾成因及严寒地区乙醇汽油对雾霾影响

本文通过分析雾霾的组成成分及其形成机理,分别研究了乙醇汽油燃烧产物气溶胶粒子、颗粒物、附加产物(醛酮等)和水分对严寒地带区域性雾霾形成的影响.研究结果表明,乙醇汽油燃烧产物对雾霾的影响也是比较严重的,在严寒地区冬季不建议过量使用乙醇汽油.     

自由活塞汽油直线发电机燃烧过程特性

为了获得自由活塞汽油直线发电机工作过程中的燃烧特性,根据试验测得的活塞运动曲线对其燃烧过程进行了CFD仿真研究,并对比传统发动机分析了两种发动机活塞运动规律差异对燃烧过程的影响规律。研究发现:与传统发动机相比,自由活塞汽油发电机缸内最高燃烧压力和平均温度均较小,且最高燃烧压力保持时间较短,这有助于减少NO污染物;自由活塞直线发电机燃烧放热率呈现"缓和长"的特点,燃烧放热过程等容度较低;自由活塞直线发电机较少的混合气在上止点前完成燃烧,压缩行程负功较小,但由于后燃较严重,其指示效率较传统发动机低。     

Chemiresistor sensor using elastomer-functionalized carbon nanotube nanocomposites for the detection of gasoline spills

Two types of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)-based elastomer nanocomposites are used as a sensor material for the detection of gasoline spills by applying the interdigitated electrode (IDE) device. MWNT-g-polyisoprene (PI) and Si-MWNT/natural rubber (NR) are prepared by applying “grafting-from” and “grafting-to” process, respectively. When compared based on the identical condition of gasoline sensing test, the maximum response value to the exposure of gasoline is 17.5 for MWNT-g-PI sensor and 12.9 for Si-MWNT/NR sensor, which reach the maximum in less than 3 min. The MWNT-g-PI sensor selectively detects gasoline, and its response is completely reversible. It shows that the longer chain length of PI brings about the larger response of MWNT-g-PI sensor to gasoline. The sensitivity of MWNT-g-PI sensor highly depends on both how much gasoline is exposed to the sensor and what bias voltage is applied to the IDE device. The IDE sensor using MWNT-g-PI nanocomposites effectively detects gasoline spills.     

Breakthrough Technologies for the Biorefining of Organic Solid and Liquid Wastes

Organic solid and liquid wastes contain large amounts of energy, nutrients, and water, and should not be perceived as merely waste. Recycling, composting, and combustion of non-recyclables have been practiced for decades to capture the energy and values from municipal solid wastes. Treatment and disposal have been the primary management strategy for wastewater. As new technologies are emerging, alternative options for the utilization of both solid wastes and wastewater have become available. Considering the complexity of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of these wastes, multiple technologies may be required to maximize the energy and value recovery from the wastes. For this purpose, biorefining tends to be an appropriate approach to completely utilize the energy and value available in wastes. Research has demonstrated that non-recyclable waste materials and bio-solids can be converted into usable heat, electricity, fuel, and chemicals through a variety of processes, and the liquid waste streams have the potential to support crop and algae growth and provide other energy recovery and food production options. In this paper, we propose new biorefining schemes aimed at organic solid and liquid wastes from municipal sources, food and biological processing plants, and animal production facilities. Four new breakthrough technologies—namely, vacuum-assisted thermophilic anaerobic digestion, extended aquaponics, oily wastes to biodiesel via glycerolysis, and microwave-assisted thermochemical conversion—can be incorporated into the biorefining schemes, thereby enabling the complete utilization of those wastes for the production of chemicals, fertilizer, energy (biogas, syngas, biodiesel, and bio-oil), foods, and feeds, and resulting in clean water and a significant reduction in pollutant emissions.     

基于灰关联分析方法

针对一致关联度算法不具有普遍性和动态改变惯性权的自适应粒子群算法(DCW)不易跳出局部收敛能力的缺陷,本文提出了完全关联度算法和自适应变异的动态粒子群优化算法。完全关联度算法主要用来选择软测量的辅助变量。在改进的粒子群优化算法中,除了采用动态惯性权重外,还引入了自适应学习因子和新的变异算子。为了构造一种性能较好的神经网络,采用改进的粒子群优化算法来优化神经网络所有的权值参数,并将提出的软测量建模方法预测延迟焦化的汽油干点,实验结果表明,与DCW算法优化神经网络(DCWNN)的建模方法相比,该算法不仅具有较好的泛化性能,而且具有较高的精度和良好的应用前景。     

汽油发电机转速前馈-反馈控制系统

汽油机的转速稳定性是影响汽油发电机电气性能指标的一个重要因素,本文在分析其工作原理的基础上提出了一种电流前馈、转速负反馈式的系统结构,并且把反馈控制器设计为模糊控制、PID控制和保持模态相结合的多模态控制器.利用MATLAB工具进行的仿真和实际配机试验结果都表明,采用此算法后该转速控制系统的稳态性能和动态切换性能都比采用常规PID控制时有明显改善,证实了所提方法的有效性.     

发动机部件强度和刚度评价及疲劳分析

某汽油机开发阶段须对发动机各主要部件结构强度和刚度做全面评价,并且须考核缸盖缸体的高周疲劳性能.基于STAR-CCM+计算出水套内部气体温度和对流换热系数,将其映射到水套有限元网格表面上作为温度边界条件.得到整个机体的温度场分布以后,在考虑各部件接触非线性的基础上,得到机体各部件的应力和变形等结果并进行评价.在有限元分析结果的基础上考虑材料温度非线性,考察缸体缸盖疲劳安全因数.结果表明,缸盖局部应力偏大,下缸体与油底壳接触面局部间隙过大,缸体缸盖疲劳安全性能满足要求.