Preparation of carbon microcoils by catalytic decomposition of acetylene using nickel foam as both catalyst and substrate

Carbon microcoils (CMCs) were prepared by catalytic pyrolysis of acetylene containing a small amount of thiophene as a promoter at 973-1073 K using nickel foam catalyst which was also used as a substrate, with the CMC yield of about 62% relative to the introduced carbon source. The morphology of the product was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphology of the nickel foam was changed during synthesis, and the sulfur promoter and growth temperature were two important factors influencing the growth of CMCs.     

脱除催化裂化轻汽油中碱性氮的研究

研究了萃取法脱除催化裂化轻汽油中碱性氮化物的工艺。考察了萃取剂种类和各种工艺条件对碱性氮脱除串的影响。小型试验表明，在萃取温度25℃、水油体积比0．05，沉降时间15min及萃取次数3次的条件下，的碱性氮脱除率可达87％以上。中型试验结果表明，在温度25℃、压力0．4MPa、水油比0．05、二级沉降的条件下，残余碱性氮小于0．06μg/g，碱性氮脱除率大于90．62％，满足固体酸催化剂对原料中碱性氮的限制。     

基于微粒群优化算法的不确定性调和调度

Blending is an important unit operation in process industry. Blending scheduling is nonlinear optimization problem with constraints. It is difficult to obtain optimum solution by other general optimization methods. Particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm is developed for nonlinear optimization problems with both continuous and discrete variables. In order to obtain a global optimum solution quickly, PSO algorithm is applied to solve the problem of blending scheduling under uncertainty. The calculation results based on an example of gasoline blending agree satisfactory with the ideal values, which illustrates that the PSO algorithm is valid and effective in solving the blending scheduling problem.     

New and improved catalytic processes for clean fuels

New and more stringent environmental legislation is expected to have a major impact on the refining industry. Reformulated gasoline which is currently being introduced into parts of the United States is an example of the shift towards cleaner burning fuels. To achieve future government specifications for such fuels significant changes will likely be required in refinery operations to produce products with good combustion characteristics and reduced emissions.Catalysis is expected to play a dominant role in both modifying existing processes and developing new routes to these more environmentally acceptable fuels. Both new and improved catalysts systems which will be required for the production of so-called reformulated gasoline are discussed. For example, oxygenated components in gasoline such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) will continue to be required on a large scale necessitating new process and catalyst technology to achieve improved economics.Natural gas can be considered as a clean feedstock from which to produce liquid fuels of high quality. A number of new process routes to convert remote natural gas into readily transportable liquid fuels are also discussed. This area of technology offers considerable scope for further major improvements based on innovation in the field of syngas catalysis.     

Influence of the surface area/volume ratio on the chemistry of carbon deposition from methane

The chemistry of carbon deposition from methane as a function of methane pressure was studied at a temperature of 1100 °C and surface area/volume ratios of 0.8 and 3.2 mm⁻¹ by analysis of both gaseous and condensing, i.e. aromatic reaction products. Conversion of methane as well as the yields of the hydrocarbons formed increase with increasing pressure. The surface area/volume ratio has a significant influence on the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons showing much higher yields at the lower ratio. This result, expected from preceding studies of deposition rates, confirms that a change of this ratio leads to a change of the deposition chemistry of carbon.     

Simplified model for calculation of devolatilization in fluidized beds

A devolatilization model based on simplification of the earlier model has been developed for fluidized bed conditions. It is simple and computationally fast enough to be incorporated as a submodel into a CFD code, but accurate enough to be suitable for different fuels including biomass with varying particle size, moisture, reactivity and shape. In this new model, the partial differential equation describing heat and mass transfer inside the particle is approximately converted to two differential equations. Drying is described to take place on a shrinking core and pyrolysis, which can take place simultaneously with drying, is described to take place at a specific “characteristic pyrolysis temperature”. The dependence of this temperature on parameters for the kinetics of pyrolysis, bed temperature and particle size can be determined. The model can be extended to include the case, where pyrolysis is considered to consist of parallel reactions of different components.     

超声波辅助下脱除辽河焦化蜡油中的金属

探讨了用金属脱除剂在超声波作用下脱除辽河焦化蜡油中金属的工艺,研究了超声波的辅助作用、金属脱除剂的质量分数、反应时间等因素对金属脱除效果的影响,得出了较为理想的金属脱除工艺参数。结果表明,添加超声波手段,金属脱除效果明显提高,可在较短时间内达到较高的金属脱除率。当w(金属脱除剂)为1500μg/g,超声波作用下反应15min,超声强度为8W/cm2时,金属脱除效果较好,锌脱除率可达到90%,钙和镍的脱除率达80%以上。     

基于BP神经网络的汽油抗爆剂敏感性预测

研究了基于BP神经网络的建模方法,将其应用于93号汽油调合系统中研究法辛烷值的预测,考虑了93号高牌号汽油调合生产中组份比例、MMT加入比例、罐底油量、满罐油量、罐底辛烷值和空白辛烷值对成品辛烷值的影响,利用该模型对兰州石化公司实测值进行训练和测试．应用结果表明,该模型的预测精度完全能达到工业生产的要求,基本合理可靠．     

Experimental investigation of effects of bio-additives on fuel economy of the gasoline engine

The matter extracted from palm oil was considered as gasoline additive. The effect of various percentages (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%) of the bio-additives on fuel economy of SI engine respectively running on prime gasoline, gasoline with known components, ethanol gasoline, and methanol gasoline under typical urban operation condition 2000 r/min was investigated. The results showed that the bio-additives can remarkably improve the fuel economy of SI engine while operating on all kinds of fuel. The optimal ratio of bio-additive to gasoline depends on the fuel used and on the different engine operating conditions. Besides, the experiments of constant volume combustion bomb, analysis of in cylinder processes, the synchrotron radiation and high-temperature friction were conducted to probe into the mechanism of the bio-additive impact on fuel economy. It indicated that the bio-additives can increase the maximum cylinder combustion pressure, improve exhaust emissions and largely reduce the frication coefficient. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50376045)     

汽车发动机点火提前角建模分析

通过对汽车发动机点火提前角影响因素的分析,确定以发动机转速和负荷为主要参考变量,以广泛采用的试验法则为工作基础,利用发动机台架试验采集所需数据,借助MATLAB软件的分析与计算功能,构建点火提前角主要影响因素的二维模型及三维模型,并结合理论分析,验证试验方案的合理性及MAP趋势图的正确性。