启动压力影响下确定油藏有效动用半径

低渗透稠油储层具有启动压力梯度,油藏储量的有效动用受到更多条件的限制。基于低渗储层基本渗流特征,文中分析了油藏弹性能量开发中的不稳定渗流过程,并采用稳定逐次逼近法求解包含启动压力梯度项的渗流方程;考虑启动压力梯度影响,建立了在低渗透油藏衰竭开发过程中满足油井开井日产油量要求的有效动用半径的求解方法;结合油田实际情况,分析了低渗透储层中压力和压力梯度分布规律,以及油藏储量极限动用、有效动用半径的变化规律。研究表明,对于此类油藏,要综合考虑技术和经济条件确定油藏储量有效动用的界限,才能合理部署油藏开发井网。     

低渗透油藏数值模拟中内边界条件的处理

低渗透油藏已经成为油田开发的重要对象,研究考虑非达西效应的数值模拟方法将有助于提高该类油藏数值模拟的准确性和可信度.低渗透油藏的数值模拟对内边界条件的处理应当考虑非达西渗流.由于井底附近压力梯度较大,流态可以认为是拟线性流动,根据拟稳态渗流理论,考虑流体在低渗透油藏流动过程中受到启动压力梯度的影响,基于三维油水两相油藏数值模拟数学方程,推导了定井底流压、定产油量和定产液量等条件下的内边界条件,并通过全隐式差分格式建立了低渗透油藏数值模拟数值模型,采用预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解.结果表明内边界条件中考虑启动压力梯度与否对井底流压影响较大,在定产量条件下,井底流压随启动压力梯度的增大而降低.     

The Effect of Water Vaporization on the Well Productivity of Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Well productivity is a crucial concern in predicting the performance of many gas condensate reservoirs. Accurate forecasting of gas-condensate well productivity usually requires fine-grid simulation to model the formation of the liquid bank and to account for high-velocity phenomena and changes in relative permeability at high capillary numbers. At early stages of production, the pressure drop in the near-wellbore region builds up the molar content of water in gas. This, in turn, results in water vaporization, and hence a drop in the connate water saturation. When water vaporization occurs, pores that were formerly filled by connate water now becomes occupied by gas and condensate only. This causes a change in gas and condensate saturations near the wellbore that can affect the well productivity. No lucid numerical simulation approach considering this effect is suggested in the literature. The authors investigated the effects of water vaporization on the near-wellbore region by compositional simulator of GEM. Enhancement of gas well productivity is observed.     

The Assessment of Fracture Geometrical Properties on the Performance of Conventional In Situ Combustion

Abstract

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of fractures geometrical properties such as orientation, density, location, and networking on the conventional fire flooding (CFF) process performance through simulation analysis. Combustion parameters of a fractured low-permeable carbonate heavy oil reservoir in Iran called Kuh-E-Mond (KEM); applied for simulation study and simulator has been validated with KEM combustion tube experimental data. The validated model was modified to study CFF in 3D semi-scaled combustion cells. Simulation results confirmed that CFF is more feasible in the case of densely fractured reservoirs such as those in the Middle East.     

An Experimental Investigation of Fracture Tilt Angle Effects on Frequency and Stability of Liquid Bridges in Fractured Porous Media

Abstract

Liquid bridges are believed to play an important role in improving the recovery of fractured reservoirs. However, little is known about the stability of liquid bridges in fractured media at the pore scale. In this work, a glass micromodel representing a stack of two blocks was used at different tilt angles to monitor the frequency and stability of liquid bridges formed during free-fall gravity drainage as a function of tilt angle. It was observed that by increasing the tilt angle, the liquid bridge frequency decreased but its stability increased. This resulted in higher ultimate recovery. In addition, it was found that during the first half of the experiments, the number of bridges was higher but their stability was lower than during the second half of the tests. Moreover, no more than one stable liquid bridge was observed at tilt angles above 20°, and the bridge cross-sectional area was gradually decreased as the stability was maintained. A sequence of bridges that were formed and broken one after the other results in a higher drainage rate than a single bridge with stability equal to the overall stability of the sequence.     

The Lessons Learned From Miscible Gas Flooding in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: Integrated Studies,and Pilot and Field Cases

Abstract

Suitable methods have to be employed for secondary and tertiary oil recovery from the naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs). The miscible gas injection has shown some promising results for enhancing oil recovery from NFRs. However, proper design of the field-scale miscible gas injection projects in NFRs is still a major challenge. The authors evaluate the technical issues of the miscible gas injection in NFRs. The classification of NFRs and their production characteristics, the mechanisms of oil production in NFRs, and significant findings of integrated studies, pilot and field trials, and commercial field projects of the miscible gas injection in NFRs are reviewed. Finally, important issues are identified, which need detailed investigations for the design and performance assessment of the field projects. It is hoped that this paper will serve as a helpful reference for the engineers interested in miscible gas injection process in NFRs.     

应用包裹体技术恢复气藏古压力

包裹体捕获时的温度和压力反映了油气藏形成时的古温度和古压力,是油气成藏过程研究的一个重要依据。富(CH₄)气盐水包裹体是气藏中最主要的一种包裹体类型,对这类包裹体捕获温度和压力的恢复最大的技术难点是其中气体(CH₄)含量的精确测定。通过建立CH₄气体拉曼位移值与包裹体内压的相关曲线,根据包裹体总体积和成分保持恒定的原则构建迭代计算模型,可快速准确计算出含CH₄盐水包裹体的捕获压力。该方法应用于川南隆32井中奥陶统宝塔组微晶灰岩中的包裹体古压力研究,计算结果显示包裹体的捕获压力为884.08~1249.32 bar,压力系数约为1.3~1.8,证明了包裹体捕获时地层流体为超压状态。     

四川盆地铁山坡地区飞仙关组鲕滩储层地震预测

四川盆地东北部的三叠系下统飞仙关组是重要的油气储层,其储集岩体主要为经晚期白云岩化改造的鲕滩坝沉积的致密鲕粒白云岩、鲕粒灰岩.铁山坡地区位于开江-梁平海槽的东北边缘,具备发育飞仙关组鲕滩储层的条件.但是,复杂多变的围岩和严重的非均质性增加了储层预测的难度,为此,在储层预测中采用了基于信息融合理论的地质模型约束地震反演,把地质、测井、地震等多元地学信息统一到同一个模型上,将各类信息在模型空间进行有机融合,提高了反演的信息使用量、信息匹配精度和反演结果的置信度.同时,利用空间地质约束相干识别技术对储层的含气、含水及气水关系等进行了检测和识别,检测结果与钻井资料吻合.     

安棚深层系裂缝特征重新认识与井网调整

安棚深层系是典型的低孔特低渗透砂砾岩油气藏,其天然裂缝发育,影响油藏的井网部署和注水开发效果。根据地表露头、岩心和薄片分析,安棚深层系主要为高角度构造剪切裂缝。根据定向取心和成像测井资料,研究区以近东西向裂缝最发育,其次是北东向和北西向裂缝,不同部位不同方向裂缝的发育程度存在一定的差异。根据水压致裂和校正后的井径崩落资料,研究区现今地应力优势方位为50°～60°。在北东—南西方向现今地应力影响下,研究区北东向裂缝的张开度大,连通性好,渗透率高,为主渗流方向。因此在研究区下一步的井网调整中,可将目前的五点法面积注采井网转化为沿北东向主渗流裂缝的行列式注水开发井网,油藏数值模拟预测结果表明,调整后第5a采出程度为11.7%,单井累积产油量为1.4×104t,在原油价格(不含税)为2640元/t时,评价期内的内部收益率(税后)为24.68%,具有较好的经济效益。     

克拉玛依油田九_5区石炭系火山岩储层分类及开发实践

克拉玛依油田九5区石炭系油藏是准噶尔盆地克-百断裂带上盘石炭系油藏的一部分,属裂缝性火山岩油藏,为低孔低渗双重介质块状油藏。通过油藏微观研究和单井产量分析,认为石炭系储层主要表现为I类裂缝型(IF)、I类裂缝-基质型(IFM)、II类裂缝-基质型(IIFM)、II类基质型(IIM)、III类基质型(IIIM)共3大类5小类,各类型储层静态和动态特征明显。平面上,石炭系储层从火山口向外依次发育I类、II类、III类储层;剖面上,I类储层主要分布于石炭系中上部,II类储层在石炭系全层段均有分布,III类储层主要分布于石炭系下部。根据不同类型储层特点及其分布规律,制定了针对性的增产措施,并取得了较好的开发效果,预测油藏最终采收率可达16.7%。