Promoting public space governance in Jeddah,Saudi Arabia

Undermanagement of the considerable range of areas reserved for public spaces within modern residential areas in Jeddah has not only reduced socialization for inhabitants, but has become a public burden that continues to prove a drain on urban life. This, in turn, has stimulated the development of regulatory and organizational reforms. The reforms have inexorably drawn all departments and agencies involved in public space management into a new field of responsibility. As they came into operation, new actors appeared in the field of public space management. Although the aim of the reforms was to resolve inter-municipal regulatory conflicts and to place a renewed emphasis on local and private actions as alternative sources of managerial control, the new public space governance arrangements are riddled with tension as a result of the multiplicity of actors and the absence of a well-defined institutional framework; this in turn led to greater confusion about responsibilities. This article attempts to understand the complexities of the ongoing management of public spaces in Jeddah in the light of recent theories of governance, with the aim of developing a conceptual framework that may suggest innovatory approaches through which to address these complexities. Broadly speaking, the investigation – which is based on extensive documentary analysis, a qualitative survey and systematic field observation – notes that, in order to tackle management issues such as non-responsiveness, bureaucratic rigidity, the fragmentation of responsibilities and so on, it is imperative to give further consideration to the role of legislation within an appropriate institutional framework.     

Investigation of humidity harvest as an alternative water source in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

In order to harvest water present in a humid atmosphere, a suitable absorber/desorber was designed. Experiments were conducted in Dhahran to measure the water absorption rate in the nighttime and the water desorption rate in the daytime. It was found that the water absorption rate was 2.11 L/m²/day and the water desorption rate was 1.15 L/m²/day depending on the desiccant flow rate. In order to assess the feasibility of the system, the unit was tested continuously in the nighttime as well as in the daytime and the results are reported in this paper. The chemical characteristics of a set of water samples collected were analysed and the water collected was found to meet most of the World Health Organization drinking water standards. The problem associated with this technology is the mixing of dust and dirt with the desiccant solution, and the fact that a small pump is required to circulate the solution.     

Performance and development of PV - plant for water pumping and desalination for remote area in Saudi Arabia

PV plant for water pumping and desalination in remote area has been implemented; the plant was the first of its kind in Saudi Arabia. The design of PV plant was based on the specification of the site, the depth and quality of water, the daily water quantity produced and the autonomy period of the plant during cloudy conditions as well as other local climatic conditions. The plant has two main PV separate systems, first, PV water pumping system which is characterized by storing the water in two storage tanks and without electric energy storage, second, PV system for the operation of the reverse osmosis unit (water desalination), this system is characterized by the storage of electric energy (batteries). The storage batteries are used to supply the required electric power to the equipment in the plant, during night and cloudy weather. The batteries capacity is designed to be sufficient for 5 days autonomy. In order to make the operation and maintenance of the PV plant highly reliable, the design is based on the selection of equipment which are commonly available in the local market. The head of the submersible pump is 50 m from surface level, and the amount of water production from Reverse Osmosis Unit is about 600 liters per hour. The total installed PV capacity for pumping system is 980 Wp, and for desalination system is 10. 89 kWp.     

沙特阿拉伯石油出口变化及影响分析

沙特阿拉伯石油的储量、产量、剩余产能、原油出口量均名列世界前茅,对国际石油市场有着举足轻重的影响,同时近年来又加快了炼油业和油气化工的发展。自上世纪末以来,沙特石油出口的地区格局发生了重大变化,由向北大西洋地区输出为主转变为向以亚太地区的东亚—南亚弧形地带为主。其主要原因为:欧美的石油输入国由于注重节能和石油替代,石油消费量呈现下降趋势,同时还受到北海油气区及俄罗斯等石油出口的"挤占";亚太地区以中国、印度、新加坡为代表的新兴经济体国家进口量持续上升,世界经济发展中心历史性地东移,决定了至少在近20~30年东亚—南亚弧形地带将是石油消费和进口增长最快的区域。自2002年起沙特成为中国原油进口首要来源国,进口量从2002年的1139×104t增至2010年的4463×104t,年均增长率18.61%,但2010年中国进口量占沙特出口的比例也仅为13.4%,还有相当大的发展潜力。中国在石油进口来源多元化方面明显优于地缘条件相近的石油进口大国日本和韩国,甚至也优于地缘条件较好的印度。在此基础上,一方面加大从沙特的原油进口量,另一方面继续关注石油进口来源的多元化是中国可以而且必须实施的进口对策。同时,适当进口价格上优惠的油品和基础化工原料,或与其合作在中国或沙特合资建厂对我国是利大于弊的。中国应全面进入沙特油气市场,推进两国间在油气市场、油气产业链上中下游的合作。全面提升中沙经济合作水平有利于油气合作的发展。     

沙特钻修井技术

针对沙特油田产层开发特点,介绍了中原钻井在沙特钻井承包施工中采用的边漏边钻、边涌边钻、清水解卡、小井眼钻井、短半径水平井钻井、多底井钻井等先进技术,有效地降低了钻井成本,利用了每口井的资源,大大提高了单井产量,对国内钻修井技术的发展有一定参考作用。     

Saudi Arabian clays for lead removal in wastewater

Three types of local clays–Tabuk, Baha, and Khaiber–were tested for their abilities to adsorb lead ions from wastewater. The effect of pH on the adsorption of lead ions was also investigated. The clays were treated with hydrochloric acid to activate adsorption sites within clay particles. Untreated Tabuk clay had the largest adsorption capacity, about 30 mg lead/g clay, in comparison with those of Baha and Khaiber clays. The smallest adsorption was observed with Khaiber clay, about 10 mg lead/g clay; this may be attributed to the prior existence of lead within the clay. The adsorption of the acid-activated clays was not enhanced compared to those of untreated clays. The Langmuir model described the experimental data for all untreated clays, while the Freundlich model described the experimental data of untreated Khaiber clay and treated Baha clay. The local clays tested in this study, especially Tabuk clay, may be utilized as cost-effective and efficient adsorbent materials for removing heavy metals from wastewater in Saudi Arabia.     

沙特HADEED钢铁公司的新建扁平材生产线

由奥钢联工程技术公司（VAI）为沙特HADEED钢铁公司新建的80万t/a扁平材生产线交钥匙工程已成功投产运行,将生产多种规格的热轧和冷轧普碳钢、结构钢和深冲钢、而且还包括热浸镀锌钢材。     

Case study evaluation of the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph

Several issues related to the probabilistic and hydraulic structure of the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) are addressed. These issues are: (1) accuracy of the geomorphologic expressions of the probabilities of surface runoff movement in a watershed, (2) identifying, for a given storm, a representative time-average velocity for surface runoff, (3) estimation of this velocity for the ungauged watersheds and effect of velocity estimation errors on the GIUH predictability, and (4) suitability of incorporating a linear expression for infiltration in the GIUH as well as the estimation problem of the infiltration coefficient and its effect on the reliability of predicted hydrographs. These issues are analyzed through application of the GIUH for two gauged watersheds in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Twelve storm events are used in the analysis and the results are presented.Irrigation and Hydraulics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza Egypt.     

沙特SS-22变电所大型快装模板预制与安装

SS-22变电所是沙特目前在建的最大变电所.由于沙特本地没有适用于现浇钢筋混凝土墙体和现浇楼板的定型钢模板,采用胶合板与铝合金骨架相结合的大型模板施工工艺.该工艺主要材料包括对拉螺栓、PVC套管、塑料封头、竖骨架、铝合金骨架等.主要介绍了墙体、楼板支撑系统及模板安装,指出模板安装过程中,对拉螺栓应安装在竖骨架中间;内外模板全部安装就位后,应调整模板的垂直度以及墙体厚度;浇筑混凝土时,应用软管代替泵车原有的硬橡胶管,以减小混凝土对模板的冲击.     

Iran in the Regional Context

For much of its history, Iran was part of an extensive empire with far-reaching trade and cultural networks. The current political situation, however, has often led to a misplaced patriotism that has emphasised the heritage of the nation state over its connections across the region. Farrokh Derakhshani flags up the danger of appropriating a wider common heritage from a local rather than a global perspective, and looks at Iran in the wider context of its immediate neighbours.