Stochastic Goal Programming Model for Optimal Blending of Desalinated Water with Groundwater

A stochastic goal programming (GP) model is developed in orderto determine the daily production of desalination plants to meet the requirements of water blending stations (WBS) for major cities in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of SaudiArabia. The WBS is assumed to be a control point in the systemwhere water is blended to satisfy the desired water quality, downstream of the control point. The desalinated water is blended with brackish groundwater extracted from several groundwater wells. The objective of the model is to minimize the goal deviations from the following priority levels: demand for blended water, control of salinity levels, depletion of groundwater and maximize the use of brackish water, demand forbrackish water at WBS, and production of desalinated water. Anessential element of the model is the input data; unfortunately,available data are not accurate due to the inherent uncertaintyassociated with it. This uncertainty will generate uncertainty in the model output, which affects reliability and confidence associated with the decisions. Thus, reliable planning should consider uncertainties associated with model input parameters.The developed stochastic model shows how Goal Programming (GP)modeling can be used to plan the water resources in the EasternProvince of Saudi Arabia, assuming that both supply and demandare uncertain.     

沙特阿拉伯QATIF-894井钻井液工艺技术

QATIF-894井是沙特阿拉伯QATIF区块一口具有代表性的水井,完钻井深为1568.59 m.该井表层以沙石和红色粘土为主,地层松软,易发生井壁坍塌;下部地层以页岩和泥岩为主,多为砂石胶结,裂缝发育,地层压力系数低,易发生井漏、井喷等复杂事故.QATIF-894井针对不同的地层采用了不同的钻井液体系.一开采用膨润土钙处理高切力钻井液,有效地解决了携带钻屑、清洁井眼的问题;二开和三开继续使用膨润土钙处理钻井液,在漏失的情况下,采用清水钻进,高粘度钻井液携砂;四开采用无固相聚合物钻井液.现场应用表明,该套钻井液体系满足了沙特阿拉伯QATIF区块钻井施工需要,起下钻、下套管和固井顺利.     

Case study evaluation of the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph

Several issues related to the probabilistic and hydraulic structure of the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) are addressed. These issues are: (1) accuracy of the geomorphologic expressions of the probabilities of surface runoff movement in a watershed, (2) identifying, for a given storm, a representative time-average velocity for surface runoff, (3) estimation of this velocity for the ungauged watersheds and effect of velocity estimation errors on the GIUH predictability, and (4) suitability of incorporating a linear expression for infiltration in the GIUH as well as the estimation problem of the infiltration coefficient and its effect on the reliability of predicted hydrographs. These issues are analyzed through application of the GIUH for two gauged watersheds in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Twelve storm events are used in the analysis and the results are presented.Irrigation and Hydraulics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza Egypt.     

沙特能源战略演变、重点及发展趋势分析

沙特是OPEC国家的“领头羊”,本文首先剖析了沙特的能源资源潜力,将沙特能源战略演变分为四个阶段,提出了沙特的能源战略重点:加大天然气的勘探开发、积极新建炼化厂、继续实施跨国经营、加强对外合作等,研究沙特能源战略演变和重点,借鉴沙特能源发展历程中的经验和教训,对我国能源战略的制定具有一定的借鉴意义.     

沙特石油市场特点及石油贸易策略分析

通过分析沙特阿拉伯石油资源和市场供需概况,以及该国的炼油工业发展情况,深入介绍了沙特原油和成品油贸易的发展现状,为我国加强与沙特的石油领域合作提出了建议和意见。     

Performance and development of PV - plant for water pumping and desalination for remote area in Saudi Arabia

PV plant for water pumping and desalination in remote area has been implemented; the plant was the first of its kind in Saudi Arabia. The design of PV plant was based on the specification of the site, the depth and quality of water, the daily water quantity produced and the autonomy period of the plant during cloudy conditions as well as other local climatic conditions. The plant has two main PV separate systems, first, PV water pumping system which is characterized by storing the water in two storage tanks and without electric energy storage, second, PV system for the operation of the reverse osmosis unit (water desalination), this system is characterized by the storage of electric energy (batteries). The storage batteries are used to supply the required electric power to the equipment in the plant, during night and cloudy weather. The batteries capacity is designed to be sufficient for 5 days autonomy. In order to make the operation and maintenance of the PV plant highly reliable, the design is based on the selection of equipment which are commonly available in the local market. The head of the submersible pump is 50 m from surface level, and the amount of water production from Reverse Osmosis Unit is about 600 liters per hour. The total installed PV capacity for pumping system is 980 Wp, and for desalination system is 10. 89 kWp.     

压扭走滑作用对深水碳酸盐岩储层的改造——以Sinjar隆起西翼为例

通过分析阿拉伯板块北缘Sinjar隆起西翼始新统Chilou组—渐新统Jaddala组构造特征和油藏分布的关系,认为深部压扭走滑作用改造了浅层致密的深水碳酸盐岩沉积,使之成为良好的油气储层。这种改造和控制作用主要表现在2个方面:一是压扭走滑作用控制了裂缝异常发育带和裂缝性储层的形成与分布;二是压扭走滑作用产生的同沉积局部斜列褶皱隆起遭受大气淡水与海水混合水的溶蚀作用,从而改善和提高了致密沉积物的储集能力。这一实例表明,致密的深水碳酸盐岩沉积经改造后具有良好的勘探潜力,在油气藏勘探和开发过程中应重视类似局部构造。     

Business-to-business co-creation management practices for intellectual property value: Insights from Saudi Arabia

Managing intellectual property (IP) value appropriation remains a central challenge for business-to-business (B2B) networks due to B2B co-creation prospects for improved value-in-exchange and value-in-use for co-creation beneficiaries. This article aims to explore the management practices of B2B networks that enhance IP value from B2B co-creation. Using semi-structured interviews with sixteen IP management experts from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the article proposes an integrated model of management strategies and guidelines for B2B co-creation with respect to IP value. The model posits that at the intra-organisational level, the main enabling processes for value appropriation are building communication skills, implementing hiring processes, and developing management systems for negotiations, talents, and intellectual assets, respectively. This level benefits from priorities placed on selecting strategic partners and fostering learning cultures for knowledge, technology, and venture co-creation processes. For the inter-organisational level, the proposed enabling processes are pursuing research funds and creating optimum designs for technology development and market positioning, respectively. Priorities at this level involve aligning complementary resources, developing clear agreements, and utilising supportive capabilities for technology and market co-creation.