论三角洲对南海海相油气田分布的控制作用

南海是全球重要的油气富集区之一,在新生界已发现约340个油气田,原油可采储量达17.6×10⁸t,天然气可采储量为5.0×10¹²m³,油气主要富集于渐新世以来三角洲—海相沉积体系中,三角洲对南海含油气盆地成烃、成储和成藏具有重要的控制作用。海陆过渡相烃源岩是南海含油气盆地的重要烃源岩,三角洲体系是煤系烃源岩发育的重要场所,河流—三角洲体系所携带的陆生高等植物有机质有利于陆源海相泥质烃源岩的发育。三角洲体系发育的碎屑岩储层厚度大、分布广、物性好,与海相泥岩构成良好的储盖组合。三角洲是南海油气富集的重要场所,三角洲对南海海相油气田的形成和分布具有重要的控制作用。     

海上气田压力衰竭储层长水平段安全钻井控制技术

南海西部海域东方某气田Y平台采取浅层大位移水平井模式开发莺歌海组二段浅部气藏,储层埋深在井深1300m左右,最大水平位移为3783 m,最高水垂比为2.73。该气田经过十几年的开采,储层存在一定程度压力衰竭。同时,Y平台水平段穿过断层,钻进期间漏失风险高。在前期的一些开发井作业中,储层段钻进时曾多次发生井漏等复杂情况。因此,针对以往开发难题和结合Y平台的地层特点,进一步改良屏蔽暂堵无固相钻井液体系,配套环空ECD实时监测与精细控制工艺,成功解决了该区域储层漏失难题。Y平台实施的5口井提效显著,φ215.9 mm水平井段平均机械钻速为77.27 m/h,创造了东方区域类似浅部气藏大位移水平井的作业纪录。储层保护效果好,测试产量超油藏配产25%。      

南水北调中线总干渠冰情预测模型参数敏感性分析及率定

南水北调中线工程黄河以北总干渠冬季由于受气温的影响,将有不同程度的冰情产生,总干渠将处于无冰、流冰、冰盖下输水等多种复杂运行状态,运行不当则可能发生冰塞、冰坝危害。为了更准确地预测冰情,文章利用详细热量交换法对不同条件下渠道内一维冰盖生消进行数值模拟,根据2012年冬季的冰清观测结果以均方根差最小的原则率定模型参数。随后通过改变反射系数α、云量C、虚拟冰盖厚度Δh、风速Va、折减系数Cc及Ce、初始水温等分析冰盖厚度对于模型参数的敏感性。仿真结果显示,模型参数中反射系数α、虚拟冰盖厚度Δh这两个参数对冰盖厚度影响较大,气温数据中云量C对冰厚结果影响较大,且在高云量区域敏感性为极敏感,这些规律可以为寒区渠道系统冰情预测模型的开发及率定提供参考。     

南水北调调蓄工程经济性的探讨

用于调节南水北调工程来水的有两类水库，在这两类水库中，一类为已建水库，位于南水北调中线以西较高位置，叫做“高库”，例如黄壁庄水库；另一类为拟建水库，位于中线以东平原洼地，也叫“低库”，以大浪淀水库为例．技术经济指标分析表明，第一类水库的供水成本明显小于后者，故得出如下结论：利用某些已建“高库”的闲置库容调节南水北调来水可能是经济的．     

南方海相深层页岩气储集空间差异化发育及保持机理探讨

我国南方海相深层(主体埋深大于3 500 m)页岩气具备良好的地质条件,资源潜力巨大,但由于埋深大,研究程度低,不同位置的水平井之间产能差异比较明显,勘探开发面临诸多挑战。在调研国内外深层页岩气现状及发展动态的基础上,重点梳理我国南方海相深层页岩气储集空间差异化发育、石英等刚性矿物抗压保孔和储层流体超压保孔等研究进展和存在问题。就川东南上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组深层页岩气而言,储集空间差异化发育及其是否有效保持是控制含气量、产能和单井EUR的主要原因之一,但差异化发育特征及保持机理并不明确,储层近深层原位条件下的差异化响应过程及机理仍需要深入研究;石英等刚性矿物在抗压保孔过程中具有重要的作用,但关于“石英抗压保孔”对不同储集空间类型的差异化作用仍不十分明确;“储层流体超压”作用对于深层页岩气储集空间保持具有重要的意义,但对“储层流体超压”究竟如何作用于深层页岩储集空间了解甚微。解决上述问题的关键在于研究典型富有机质页岩处于近深层原位状态下(多重应力加载和高温)不同类型储集空间类型差异化发育、响应及保持特征和作用机理。     

REGIONAL 3D MODELLING OF THE PERMO‐CARBONIFEROUS AL KHLATA FORMATION IN THE RIMA AREA,EASTERN FLANK OF THE SOUTH OMAN SALT BASIN

The glaciogenic Al Khlata Formation (Late Carboniferous – Early Permian) contains important reservoir and seal intervals in oil fields in southern Oman. Here we describe a 3D regional geological model of the Al Khlata Formation and the underlying Misfar Group in a 1750 km² area in the Eastern Flank of the South Oman Salt Basin. The Misfar Group (Devonian‐Carboniferous?) was included in the model because it also contains glaciogenic facies in the study area. The 3D model is based on wireline logs from 42 wells, palynological zonation in 31 wells, cores from three wells, and a 2011 3D seismic dataset from which three horizons (top‐Huqf, top‐Rahab Shale and top‐Gharif) were interpreted throughout the study area. The combined Al Khlata and Misfar interval varies in thickness in the area from 20 to 730 m over relatively short distances. These large variations in thickness were due to the creation of accommodation in mini‐basins resulting from the removal of underlying Infracambrian salt at the basin margin. In places, some of the available accommodation was occupied by Cambrian sandstones of the Nimr Group and Haima Supergroup, influencing the location and thickness of the Al Khlata mini‐basins. These local depocentres vary in scale, shape and orientation relative to the present‐day salt edge: some are ovoid in plan‐view, others more linear and parallel to the salt edge, and one takes the form of a narrow graben almost perpendicular to the salt edge. By the Early Permian, towards the end of Al Khlata time, deposits become more blanket‐like and uniform, indicating an external or more regional control on base level. Four key lithofacies have been distinguished from wireline logs and were populated zone‐by‐zone through the geological model: sandstone (reservoir), shale (seal), and sandy and silty diamictite. Sandstones are most common towards the base of the Misfar – Al Khlata interval and shales towards the top. The Rahab Shale (Early Permian) at the top of the Al Khlata Formation forms an important seal for oil fields in South Oman, often in combination with seals in overlying intervals. The Rahab Shale was the first widespread seal to be deposited which may have trapped oil migrating from the South Oman Salt Basin during the Palaeozoic. The most common lithofacies in the Misfar – Al Khlata interval in the modelled area is diamictite (60%), which is normally considered to be a waste‐rock lithology. However thick silty diamictites of sufficient extent can seal hydrocarbon accumulations, and some sandy diamictites have the potential to be unconventional reservoir rocks. Even after 50 years of exploration and production of oil from the Al Khlata Formation, there remains potential for further discoveries and overlooked pay zones due to its heterogeneous character and the occurrence of intra‐formational seals.     

Organic geochemistry characterisation of crude oils from Mishrif reservoir rocks in the southern Mesopotamian Basin,South Iraq: Implication for source input and paleoenvironmental conditions

Seven crude oils from Cretaceous Mishrif reservoir rocks in the southern Mesopotamian Basin, South Iraq were studied to describe oil characteristics, providing information on the source of organic matter input and the genetic link between oils and their potential source rock in the basin. This study is based on biomarker and non-biomarker analyses performed on oil samples. The analysed oils are aromatic intermediate oils as indicated by high aromatic hydrocarbon fractions with more that 50%. These oils are also characterized by high sulfur and trace metal (Ni, V) contents and relatively low API gravity values (19.0–27.2° API). The results of this study indicate that these oils were derived from a marine carbonate source rocks bearing Type II-S kerogen that were deposited under sulphate-reducing conditions. This is primary achieved from their biomarkers and bulk carbon isotope and inorganic element contents (i.e., S, Ni and V). The absence of 18a (H)-oleanane biomarker also suggests a source age older than Late Cretaceous. The biomarker characteristics of these oils are consistent with those of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous source rocks in the basin. However, biomarker maturity data also indicate that the oils were generated from early maturity source rocks. This appears to result from the type of kerogen of the source rock, characterized by a high-S kerogen (Type II-S).     

多角度同步反演在南海西部气田开发中的应用

在海上开发的油气田中,由于钻井数量．地震资料的应用在气田的管理中具有非常重要的作用．特别是在气田开发的中后期。常规的烃类检测技术和波阻抗反演技术已经无法解决储层物性横行变化的问题和剩余气分布的问题。通过采用多角度联合弹性反演技术获得的弹性参数来描述储层的物性变化和剩余油气分布．基本达到半定量的水平。为气田的下一步开发调整奠定了基础。研究表明．多角度同步弹性反演（AVA反演）得到的泊松比、纵横波组速度比可以定性识别含气储层和含水储层。利用纵横波组速度比与纵波波阻抗进行交会的办法可以半定量解释出气层的饱和度．反演结果可以用于未知目标的预测。     

华南海相下组合层序地层格架与油气勘探

在建立区域层序地层格架的基础上,指出区域性主力烃源岩及盖层主要形成于超层序的海侵体系域;高品质的区域性储层通常与超层序的高水位期-低水位期相一致。华南下组合海相碳酸盐岩油气纵向上总体存在3套生储盖组合,并将其划分为界面型、低位型、海侵型、高位型和综合型5种类型,不同类型的生储盖组合特征及成藏地质特征存在差异。提出礁滩相灰岩-白云化或白云岩-古岩溶为最有利储层,古隆起-后期构造圈闭为最有利部位,川东南-黔北地区为最有希望尽快取得突破的新区块的认识。     

电子塑封材料南海环境贮存试验研究

对4种模塑封装材料，两种芯片涂层材料封装的微电路样品在西沙天然暴露站进行了22个月的贮存试验，并设计制作了一种简便有效的测试系统，贮存试验的结果表明，在芯片上加氮化硅钝化层比不加钝化层具有更好的防护效果；与聚酰亚胺胶内涂层相比，硅酮胶内涂层更能有效地阻止水分到达芯片的表面，由于材料本身的差异，不同厂家生产的模塑封装材料对微电路的影响也不同。