南黄海辐射沙洲附近海域悬浮泥沙的遥感反演研究

利用2003年实测的悬浮体样品和遥感反射率数据以及美国NOAA气象卫星AVHRR数据的可见光波段,进行了南黄海辐射沙洲附近海域悬浮泥沙的遥感反演研究.结果发现:悬沙浓度和实测遥感反射率之间存在很好的线性关系(R2=0.9537, n=39),利用该关系式进行该区悬沙遥感反演取得了较好的结果.遥感反演证明,研究区悬沙浓度值由高至低从沙洲中部向沙洲周围延伸;悬沙的分布呈现出明显的季节性,秋季悬沙浓度值一般为春季的1/5;且秋季悬沙的平面扩散范围要小于春季的扩散范围.以上研究结果可为我国海岸带泥沙实时监测和悬浮泥沙遥感定量研究提供必要的基础资料.     

A dam-breach erosion model: II. Application

In Part I, the earthen dam breach erosion was analyzed. To this end, the BEED (breach erosion of earthfill dams) model was modified and extended. In this paper, Part II of the series, the extended BEED model is applied to three historical cases: South Fork Dam, Buffalo Creek Dam, and Teton Dam. The testing before it can be used for forecast purposes. A sensitivity analysis of the model to its parameters shows that the model is very sensitive to friction factors; Chenzy's for breach erosion, and Manning's for flood routing.     

Land cover classification with coarse spatial resolution data to derive continuous and discrete maps for complex regions

Regularly updated land cover information at continental or national scales is a requirement for various land management applications as well as biogeochemical and climate modeling exercises. However, monitoring or updating of map products with sufficient spatial detail is currently not widely practiced due to inadequate time-series coverage for most regions of the Earth. Classifications of coarser spatial resolution data can be automatically generated on an annual or finer time scale. However, discrete land cover classifications of such data cannot sufficiently quantify land surface heterogeneity or change. This study presents a methodology for continuous and discrete land cover mapping using moderate spatial resolution time series data sets. The method automatically selects sample data from higher spatial resolution maps and generates multiple decision trees. The leaves of decision trees are interpreted considering the sample distribution of all classes yielding class membership maps, which can be used as estimates for the diversity of classes in a coarse resolution cell. Results are demonstrated for the heterogeneous, small-patch landscape of Germany and the bio-climatically varying landscape of South Africa. Results have overall classification accuracies of 80%. A sensitivity analysis of individual modules of the classification process indicates the importance of appropriately chosen features, sample data balanced among classes, and an appropriate method to combine individual classifications. The comparison of classification results over several years not only indicates the method's consistency, but also its potential to detect land cover changes.     

Response of Vietnam coastal upwelling to the 1997-1998 ENSO event observed by multisensor data

In this paper, we examine the behavior of the Vietnam coastal upwelling during the 1997-1998 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. The baseline is 4 years of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sea surface temperature (SST) data taken from 1997 to 2000. Comparison of upwelling images to simultaneous ERS-2 (European Remote Sensing Satellite) wind fields indicates that the summer monsoon winds constitute a major generation forcing. During the 1997 El Niño, the monsoon winds enhanced the upwelling and induced the upwelling center to move southward. During the 1998 La Niña, the monsoon winds weakened the upwelling. In contrast with the tropical Pacific, in the study area, La Niña implies a warm event and El Niño a cold event. We use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) methods to analyze the spatial and temporal variance of the upwelling. The three principal modes account for 37%, 15%, and 8% of the total variance, respectively. The first EOF modes reveal that the SST variance in the north and south subregions underwent a positive-negative sign switch in summer 1997. The second EOF modes represent the monthly evolution in normal years. The third modes seem to be sensitive to the 1998 La Niña event. Simultaneous TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS-2 altimeter data provide further evidence for our analysis. Comparison with California coastal upwelling and mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) coastal upwelling indicates that the Vietnam coastal upwelling is the most intensive one.     

南大西洋盆地深水区盐下地质特征差异性对比

南大西洋两岸盆地盐下深水区已成为油气勘探的热点区域,这些盆地经历了相似的构造演化和沉积充填,含油气地质条件也颇为相似。近年来在巴西沿岸盆地不断有重大发现,而在西非沿岸盆地盐下勘探一直未有突破。选取桑托斯、坎普斯和宽扎3个重要盆地,开展盐下地质特征对比研究,分析了盆地结构、沉积储层、烃源岩特征的差异性,认为盆地构造对沉积储层起控制作用,并进一步控制了油气成藏和聚集。巴西桑托斯盆地、坎普斯盆地分别呈现出\"两隆一凹\"和\"三隆两凹\"的构造格局,凹陷带为有利生烃凹陷,隆起区为主要油气聚集带,其规模大而且分布比较集中;而西非宽扎盆地略呈\"三隆两凹\"的格局,与坎普斯盆地构成共轭关系,但其盐下构造格局多为垒—堑相间的翘倾断块,规模小而分散,呈狭窄条带状展布。桑托斯、坎普斯和宽扎3个盆地盐下均发育极好湖相页岩烃源岩,沉积于微咸水—盐湖环境,为Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根,并均已被钻井所证实。巴西桑托斯和坎普斯盆地盐下主要发育两套储层,即同裂谷晚期生物介壳灰岩和坳陷期微生物岩;西非宽扎盆地近期的油气发现表明,其盐下亦存在此类储层。     

南亚地区油气地质综合研究与区域优选

南亚地区经历冈瓦纳陆内裂陷、冈瓦纳大陆破裂与被动陆缘演化和印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞阶段,形成四大类沉积盆地,包括周缘前陆盆地、被动大陆边缘盆地、大陆裂谷盆地和克拉通盆地。含油气盆地主要分布在印度大陆的东缘和西缘,具有良好的油气地质条件,在层位上集中分布在古近系、新近系和白垩系。盆地类型与演化决定了油气富集规模和时代,有效烃源岩分布控制了油气田的平面分布,储盖组合控制了油气的纵向分布。根据盆地类型和规模、盆地石油地质条件、资源总量和盆地勘探程度等指标对南亚地区沉积盆地进行综合评价,优选出Bombay盆地、Indus盆地、Krishna—Godavari盆地、Bengal盆地、Assam盆地、Cambay盆地、Cauvery盆地、Potwar盆地等有利沉积盆地。     

南黄海中、古生界地震反射特征模拟分析与勘探对策

南黄海中部隆起地区新生界陆相沉积地层直接覆盖在中生界三叠系海相石灰岩地层之上,而新生界地层与中、古生界海相地层速度差异很大,特殊的地质特点使得由海面、海底以及新生界底界组成3个强烈波阻抗差异界面,形成了最为强烈的多次反射,并对能量的下传造成屏蔽。本文根据该区地质情况并结合以往采集实践,分析了南黄海中、古生界地震反射特征并进行了波动方程正演,在分析成像原因差的基础上进行了地震采集设计,利用双检拖缆采集技术进行本次地震资料的采集,最后对本次采集的成果与2002年采集的成果进行了对比分析,提出了进一步努力的方向。