阳宗海流域冬季典型农村污水污染特征及水质评价

为揭示阳宗海流域不同类型农村污水各污染指标的影响因素和分布特征,选取云南省的海晏村(传统型)和大营村(集镇型)的污水进行水样采集,通过方差分析研究其不同污染指标的浓度变化以及不同类型农村污水水质的差异性,并运用主成分分析法对污水进行水质评价。结果表明:阳宗海流域海晏村污水中的TN、COD均明显超过了城镇污水处理厂污染物排放二级标准,大营村的TP、TN、COD均明显超过了二级标准;pH值与氧化还原电位都是农村污水中污染物浓度的重要影响因子;两村的水质具有显著的差异性;传统型农村的水质比集镇型农村的要好,说明对阳宗海流域造成污染风险更大的是集镇型农村污水。     

灞河流域气候因子对水沙变化的影响

利用灞河流域蓝田气象站和马渡王水文站1960—2012年的气象、水文实测资料,分析灞河流域气候及水沙变化规律,同时运用相关性分析、灰色关联分析、多元线性回归模型等多种方法探讨了该流域水沙变化与气候变化的关系。结果表明:灞河流域降雨量、蒸发量、径流量和输沙量皆呈显著下降趋势,而气温呈上升趋势;降雨量与水沙都有重要的相关关系,1960—1990年影响径流量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,而1991—2012年则为降雨量、蒸发量、气温,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,两阶段的年径流量分别增加0.14亿m3和0.08亿m3;1960—2012年影响输沙量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,年输沙量增加0.668万t。     

A comprehensive approach to evaluating watershed models for predicting river flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services

Selection of strategies that help reduce riverine inputs requires numerical models that accurately quantify hydrologic processes. While numerous models exist, information on how to evaluate and select the most robust models is limited. Toward this end, we developed a comprehensive approach that helps evaluate watershed models in their ability to simulate flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services. We demonstrated the method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model, and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) applied to the Maumee River Basin (USA). The approach helped in identifying that each model simulated flows within acceptable ranges. However, each was limited in its ability to simulate flows triggered by extreme weather events, owing to algorithms not being optimized for such events and mismatched physiographic watershed conditions. Ultimately, we found HSPF to best predict river flow, whereas SWAT offered the most flexibility for evaluating agricultural management practices.     

Characteristics of late cretaceous faults of the eastern segment of the northern Qaidam basin, NW China

The Late Cretaceous tectonic upheaval was an important event during the evolution of the Qaidam Basin, resulting in the omission of the Upper Cretaceous in the whole basin and unconformities between the Paleogene sequence and pre-K2 strata. Inte-grating geological and geophysical data, two different groups of Late Cretaceous faults were recognized in the study area, one group consisting of E-W extending strike-slip faults (e.g., the Maxian and Yema-Jinan faults in the Mahai area, which caused an E-W omission zone of Mesozoic), while the other one has NW-SE thrust faults, resulting in NW-SE fold-and-thrust belts. Consid-ering the different strikes and scale of these two groups, a simple-shear model has been employed to explain this structural phe-nomenon. The NW-SE thrust faults were thought to be subsidiary to the E-W strike-slip faults. Putting this into the framework of the Cretaceous paleogeographic environment of central Asia, it is inferred that this tectonic event of the Qaidam Basin is a response to the continuous northward drifting of the India plate.     

Relationship of hydrocarbon and source-rock in Nos.3-5 tectonic belts of the Lenghu area, northern Qaidam Basin

Based on analyses of the components of crude oil hydrocarbons and carbon isotopes, the content of normal alkane de-creased from 49.00% to 20.10% when moving from the No.3 to No.5 tectonic belt of the Lenghu area of the Qaidam Basin, while cycloalkanes increased from 30.00% to 52.20% and aromatic and branch chain alkanes increased gradually as well. The maturity of sterane in crude oil is higher than that of its source-rock, which shows that the hydrocarbons were generated from a deep source-rock of high maturity around the tectonic belts of the Lenghu area. The analysis of the characteristics of carbon isotopes also shows that these isotopes of hydrocarbon compounds in the No.4 and No.5 tectonic belt are apparently heavier than those in the No.3 belt. The results of our research show that the hydrocarbons in the No.3 tectonic belt are mainly from a relatively rich sapropelic substance, while the hydrocarbons in the No.4 and No.5 tectonic belt originated mainly from organic matter of a rela-tively rich humic type substance.     

伊陕斜坡气田压裂施工中泵压异常的技术对策

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡气田压裂施工中在工作液、设备配合正常的情况下出现泵压异常升高的原因分析,采用降低施工泵压的工艺技术对策,解决了该区块压裂施工中泵压异常升高而发生砂堵的难题,确保了现场压裂施工的顺利进行,达到了对气层改造的目的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地小南沟区长6^1储层特征及控制因素分析

通过研究区内大量岩心铸体薄片及物性等资料分析,对小南沟区延长组主要产油层组长6^1储集层的岩石学特征、物性特征及孔隙类型等进行了研究,分析了储层特征及其影响储层储集性能的主要控制因素。结果表明,三角洲前缘亚相沉积的长6^1储集层具有结构成熟度高而成分成熟度低的岩石学特征．主要孔隙类型为原生粒间孔和次生孔隙,沉积环境、成岩作用是影响该区储集层物性的主要因素。     

呼兰河流域水资源供需平衡分析

在对黑龙江省呼兰河流域水资源现状分析的基础上,对流域各业用水情况进行预测分析,找出了流域水资源存在的主要问题,同时提出了解决用水矛盾的方法和建议,为制定全流域远期发展规划提供依据,同时为开展呼兰河全流域水资源综合规划工作奠定基础。     

塔里木河“二源一干”生态供水潜力研究

为解决塔里木河干流水资源短缺、流域损失水量过大、用水效率低下、农业灌溉用水挤占生态用水等问题,基于“节水优先”的治水方针,以塔里木河二源流(阿克苏河、叶尔羌河)及其干流(“二源一干”)的山区水库群和平原水库群为研究对象,兼顾塔里木河干流的农业灌溉用水、生态用水、工业用水、生活用水等多目标,构建并求解了现状水平年和远景规划年的山区与平原水库群联合调度优化模型,分析了塔里木河干流的生态供水潜力和山区水库群联合调度的贡献。结果表明：仅通过干流平原水库群联合调度,农业灌溉用水和生态用水的供水保证率难以满足设计要求;通过山区与平原水库群优化调度,在远景规划年各行业均满足设计保证率要求,体现了山区水库群显著的调控性能和“节水优先”治水方针的合理性和可靠性;远景规划年塔里木河干流的生态供水潜力为2.84亿m³,可为塔里木河下游生态保护与修复提供了坚实的水量基础。     

梅溪流域城镇化进程对山前平原区洪涝过程的影响

为探究城镇化进程引起土地利用类型变化对山前平原区洪涝过程的影响,以梅溪流域下游平原区的洪濑镇为例,分析了2002—2018年梅溪流域上游山区和下游平原区的土地利用类型变化,并基于多情景数值模拟,研究了流域尺度内土地利用类型变化对山前平原区洪涝过程和地表淹没状况的影响。结果表明：随着梅溪流域耕地和林地面积减少、城镇建设用地增加,上游山区的径流系数和峰值流量均增大,下游山前平原区的淹没状况更加严重;上游山区的城镇建设用地增加使山区骤发洪水峰值流量增大、峰现时间提前,主要影响地表平均最大淹没水深和平均峰现时间;下游平原区的城镇建设用地增加使内涝发生的时间提前,主要影响地表平均淹没历时。