放射性肺损伤预防和治疗措施研究现状

放射性肺损伤是胸部肿瘤放射治疗、骨髓移植预处理及核与辐射事故的常见并发症之一。本文介绍放射性肺损伤的发病机制、病理变化、临床表现,着重介绍预防和治疗措施的研究现状。     

间充质干细胞在放射性皮肤损伤修复中的应用

放射治疗是治疗恶性肿瘤的重要手段,但是在杀死病灶的同时,也会损伤正常皮肤。间充质干细胞来源广泛,具有较强的多向分化潜能,有广泛的临床应用前景。本文介绍间充质干细胞在皮肤损伤中的修复机制,以及间充质干细胞的临床应用。     

放射性复合伤的生物效应机制

放射性复合伤是平时核事故、战时核爆炸、贫铀武器损害以及核恐怖袭击等条件下发生的主要伤类,因伤情重、发展快、诊治难,已成为医学救治的重点难题之一。本文重点介绍了放射性复合伤的造血、免疫、创面处理等关键环节的生物效应机制研究结果,旨在为其救治提供有益的依据和借鉴。     

油菜蜂花粉活性成分对体外肝细胞损伤的保护作用

本文通过对油菜蜂花粉的分离纯化,得到槲皮素苷QMP、山奈酚苷KMG和KMP三个化合物。通过体外培养L-02细胞,建立四氯化碳损伤模型,采用MTT实验,来研究QMP、KMG和KMP抑制四氯化碳诱导L-02细胞损伤的作用。并选用丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)作为特征性指标,从氧化应激角度探究保肝作用机制。结果表明,槲皮素苷QMP处理组(200μg/m L)细胞相对存活率分别是模型组的2.64和2.66倍,说明QMP能够明显抑制四氯化碳对L-02细胞造成的损伤,山奈酚苷KMP和KMG抗L-02细胞的损伤作用不明显。QMP、山奈酚和槲皮素显著降低细胞内MDA含量,其中300μm剂量组MDA含量分别为模型组的0.65、0.60、0.59和0.52倍;LDH漏出率分别降低了23.82%、27.69%、30.11%和32.77%;同时SOD含量分别提高了1.45、1.61、1.58和1.65倍。这些体外实验证明了QMP具有显著的体外抗氧化和保肝作用,且其抗氧化作用是保肝作用机制之一,为开发治疗肝损伤性疾病的药物提供了选择。     

库拉索芦荟对黄曲霉毒素B1致大鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的：研究库拉索芦荟在黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin B1,AFB1）致大鼠急性肝损伤中的干预作用及机理。方法：采用单次灌胃2.0 mg/kg（以体质量计）AFB1建立大鼠急性AFB1肝损伤模型,通过体质量、肝功能指标、肝组织病理学变化评价库拉索芦荟的干预效果,并通过测定肝组织脂质过氧化产物、各抗氧化物水平,探讨库拉索芦荟拮抗急性AFB1肝毒性的作用机理。结果：库拉索芦荟具有显著降低急性AFB1肝毒性的功效,能有效抑制急性AFB1中毒大鼠体质量下降,降低血清谷丙转氨酶（glutamate pyruvate transaminase,GPT）、谷草转氨酶（glutamicoxalacetic transaminase,GOT）和碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）活性以及总胆红素（total bilirubin,TBIL）含量;同时能显著改善肝脏组织病变情况,降低丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）生成量,提高还原型谷胱甘肽（reduced glutathione,GSH）含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione-S-transferases,GST）活力,增强机体抗氧化及解毒能力。     

Potential hazard consequences to personnel exposed to the ignition of small volumes of weakly confined stoichiometric hydrogen/air mixture

Many studies have been devoted to understanding the consequence of ignition events that could occur as a result of using hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuels or when hydrogen is present in large scale industrial or nuclear waste sites. Little attention has however, been given to the effect of explosion in small scale operations that could involve service work with manual handling and manipulation of gas containing packages or vessels. The purpose of this study is to begin to address this knowledge gap and report the results of an experimental program carried out to simulate the effect of localised and weakly confined small volume hydrogen explosions on personal safety. Three aspects of personal injury consequences are considered; injury from shock loading to the head/brain, skin burns and acoustic/hearing damage. It is concluded from ignition and acoustic noise exposure experiments, carried with stoichiometric hydrogen/air mixtures, that injuries arising from shock loading or burns to the skin are less likely than hearing damage. It is suggested that further work should focus on the noise exposure and hearing damage effects of small scale explosions.     

School resources, resource allocation, and risk of physical assault against Minnesota educators

To investigate the relation between schools’ resource levels (i.e., annual per student expenditures), school resource allocations, and physical assault (PA) against Minnesota's educators, a study was conducted from the two-phase Minnesota Educators’ Study (MES) that incorporated school-level fiscal and demographic data from the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE). The MES examined a randomly selected cohort of employed, state-licensed kindergarten through grade 12 educators. From mailed questionnaires, response rates for both Phase I (comprehensive data collection on violent events) and Phase II (case-control) were 84%. Cases experienced a work-related PA event in the previous 12 months; controls reported no assaults. Based on the school in which they worked the most time and available MDE school-level data, together with MES questionnaire data, analyses were conducted on 238 cases and 640 controls. Multivariate analyses, using directed acyclic graphs to guide selection of confounders, suggested that increased spending (i.e. resources) was associated with decreased risk of PA. Analyses further suggested that the highest quartiles of resource allocations, compared with the lowest quartiles (referents), were associated with decreased risks of PA for: district level administration; regular instruction; special education; student activities and athletics; and pupil support services expenditures. Associations between increased resource allocations to student activities expenditures and decreased risks of PA were the strongest. For example, an allocation greater than 5% of the total annual per student expenditure to student activities programming (referent, less than 0.04%) was associated with a decreased risk of PA (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.77). Results suggested that allocations of school resources (i.e., expenditures) to key program areas such as student athletics and extracurricular activities may reduce risk of work-related PA against educators. Research to further explore the nature of the relations between disparities in school resources and spending, resource allocations, and PA will be important to the continued development of relevant prevention strategies.     

Accidents in the context of study among university students—A multicentre cross-sectional study in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Knowledge about prevalence and patterns of accidents among university students is scarce. The aims of the present health survey were to assess the general prevalence of accidents among university students, to describe the specific kinds of accidents, and to analyse associated factors. A multicentre cross-sectional health survey was conducted at 12 universities and 4 universities of applied sciences in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Germany. The response rate was 88%. The self-administered questionnaire covered multiple areas of health, behaviours and a specific module for accidents. In total, 252 (8.8%) out of 2855 students (aged 17-26 years) had experienced an accident in the context of their studies. Contusions, compressions and strains constituted more than 50% of all kinds of injuries, while fractures, irritations, burns or acid burns were reported less frequently. The cumulative risk of experiencing an accident was increasing linearly with the study duration, indicating an absence of a specific vulnerable period. Nearly 60% of all accidents took place during study-related sports activities, and about a quarter of all accidents occurred on the way to or from university. Only few accidents occurred on university floors, in lecture rooms or on stairways. Further studies are needed to assess more in depth the causes of accidents and the situation immediately preceding the event before making specific recommendations for prevention.     

Work characteristics associated with injury among light/short-haul transport drivers

Introduction

This study aims to describe the hazard environment facing drivers of light freight vehicles and short-haul transport drivers and to examine the relationships between hazard exposure and injury.

Methods

Drivers (n = 321) of rigid vehicles up to 12 tonnes Gross Vehicle Mass working within a 100 km radius of their base across the Australian state of New South Wales were surveyed regarding their experience of occupation-specific hazards and their experience of workplace injury in the past year.

Results

Principal components analysis identified four clusters of hazards corresponding to those associated with work organisation, vehicles, road and access, and interpersonal conflict. In logistic regression analysis, work organisation and vehicle-related hazards, explained unique variance in the experience of injury in the past year. However, frequent stress replaced work organisation when included as a predictor in the analysis.

Conclusions

Drivers’ most common safety concern (road and driving issues) reflected the frequency of their exposure to road and access hazards but did not parallel their injury experience. Examination of the hazards most strongly associated with injury suggest that industry risk management efforts should target work organisation and vehicle-related hazards, and particularly work practices that engender frequent stress among drivers.     

CD146 Delineates an Interfascicular Cell Sub-Population in Tendon That Is Recruited during Injury through Its Ligand Laminin-α4

The interfascicular matrix (IFM) binds tendon fascicles and contains a population of morphologically distinct cells. However, the role of IFM-localised cell populations in tendon repair remains to be determined. The basement membrane protein laminin-α4 also localises to the IFM. Laminin-α4 is a ligand for several cell surface receptors, including CD146, a marker of pericyte and progenitor cells. We used a needle injury model in the rat Achilles tendon to test the hypothesis that the IFM is a niche for CD146+ cells that are mobilised in response to tendon damage. We also aimed to establish how expression patterns of circulating non-coding RNAs alter with tendon injury and identify potential RNA-based markers of tendon disease. The results demonstrate the formation of a focal lesion at the injury site, which increased in size and cellularity for up to 21 days post injury. In healthy tendon, CD146+ cells localised to the IFM, compared with injury, where CD146+ cells migrated towards the lesion at days 4 and 7, and populated the lesion 21 days post injury. This was accompanied by increased laminin-α4, suggesting that laminin-α4 facilitates CD146+ cell recruitment at injury sites. We also identified a panel of circulating microRNAs that are dysregulated with tendon injury. We propose that the IFM cell niche mediates the intrinsic response to injury, whereby an injury stimulus induces CD146+ cell migration. Further work is required to fully characterise CD146+ subpopulations within the IFM and establish their precise roles during tendon healing.