英国风电发展及其调度概述

当前技术条件下,风能是众多清洁能源中发展相对稳健的一种能源.由于地理位置优越,英国在风电开发上具有一定优势.此外,成熟的电力市场机制为风电的商业化运行提供了稳定的平台.当前英国电网中风力发电已占有了相当的比例,并规划了长远的发展目标.风机由于其电气特性和风能特点,存在一些常规发电厂没有的问题.基于此,简要介绍英国风电发...     

The Development Of An Ozone Contact Tank Simulation Model

Anglian Water (AW) operates ozone facilities as a treatment stage at all its surface water sources. The main ozone treatment stage takes place after filtration in multi-compartment concrete ozone contactors. These have two stages of ozone gas injection via ceramic bubble diffusers and two decay stages.

To enable AW to gain a better understanding of the contact tank performance, a computer simulation model incorporating Computational Fluid Dynamics and ozone process modeling was developed in conjunction with AEA Harwell. The model was calibrated using site data from Alton WTW. The results were used to improve the tank design and to optimize the ozone dose; this resulted in improved performance and a significant reduction in ozone dose.     

Regulation in the UK gas supply market

At the time of writing a revised tariff price formula is being introduced, covering the activities of British Gas plc. It is, therefore, appropriate to review the status of the regulatory process which began in 1986. The materials 1 which were published by OFGAS on 29 April 1991 outline the changes which are designed to enhance the value for money for the residential gas-user. Benefits will flow to 17 million customers but it is envisaged that the profitability of the monopolist will not be seriously eroded. This will be achieved by consistent improvements in efficiency by the gas supplier and by volume growth in gas use in the future. The development of the gas industry will be dynamic, there is no way that the UK natural gas will become a mature industry. Town gas has been replaced by natural gas and as a result the industry has been rejuvenated.     

英国2007年国际职业教育会议纪实

介绍了笔者参加的英国2007年国际职业教育会议的概况和主要议程。     

Retrofitting the existing UK building stock

The recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirms both the seriousness of the climate change challenge and the deep carbon emission reductions that are needed to avoid the worst consequences. A large fraction of those emissions come from existing buildings, and the special issue of Building Research and Information entitled ‘Climate Change: National Building Stocks’ (2007) (volume 35, number 4) describes both the range of buildings and emission reduction measures being undertaken in a number of countries. The challenge for the UK is set in an international context. Based on this information, a number of measures are suggested on a national scale that might achieve an 80% reduction in emissions by 2050.

Le récent rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC) confirme à la fois la gravité du défi que pose le changement climatique et l'ampleur de la réduction des émission de carbone qui sont nécessaires pour éviter les pires conséquences. Une partie importante de ces émissions provient du parc de logements existant, et le numéro spécial de Building Research and Information intitulé « Changement climatique: les parcs de logements nationaux » (2007) (volume 35, N° 4) décrit à la fois l'éventail des logements et les mesures de réduction des émissions qui sont mises en ?uvre dans un certain nombre de pays. Le défi qui se pose au Royaume-Uni se situe dans un contexte international. Sur la base de ces informations, il est proposé un certain nombre de mesures à prendre au niveau national, qui pourraient permettre d'obtenir une réduction de 80% des émissions d'ici à 2050.

Mots clés: parc de logements, réduction du dioxyde de carbone (CO₂), intensité carbone, changement climatique, politique publique, Royaume-Uni     

The Dynamics of Policy-Making under UK Devolution: Social Housing in Northern Ireland

Housing policy formation under the United Kingdom's devolution settlement is currently under-researched and insufficiently understood. This article uses the example of social housing policy-making in Northern Ireland to reflect on its impact. Five factors with the potential to influence post-devolution policy-making are identified: common UK citizenship and ideology, policy networks, the political process, the mechanics of devolution and membership of the European Union. A post-devolution review of social housing policy in Northern Ireland is followed by a discussion of three key issues from the 2007 to 2011 administration: governance, procurement of new social housing, and ‘shared space’ and a shared future. Interviews with policy-makers indicate that 2007–2011 marked the beginnings of a trend away from the technocratic domination of officials towards greater intervention and policy ownership by politicians, but that the significance of this should not be overstated. The implications for multi-level and multi-jurisdictional policy-making in devolved and federal states are considered.     

Methodologies for representing the road transport sector in energy system models

Energy system models are often used to assess the potential role of hydrogen and electric powertrains for reducing transport CO₂ emissions in the future. In this paper, we review how different energy system models have represented both vehicles and fuel infrastructure in the past and we provide guidelines for their representation in the future. In particular, we identify three key modelling decisions: the degree of car market segmentation, the imposition of market share constraints and the use of lumpy investments to represent infrastructure. We examine each of these decisions in a case study using the UK MARKAL model. While disaggregating the car market principally affects only the transition rate to the optimum mix of technologies, market share constraints can greatly change the optimum mix so should be chosen carefully. In contrast, modelling infrastructure using lumpy investments has little impact on the model results. We identify the development of new methodologies to represent the impact of behavioural change on transport demand as a key challenge for improving energy system models in the future.     

Equality of access and local loop unbundling in the UK broadband telecommunications market

The relationship between an incumbent telecommunications operator and those companies that access its network is often fraught. This is particularly true in respect of local loop unbundling (LLU), a key product in the broadband telecommunications market. OFCOM, the UK’s telecommunications regulator, recently conducted a major review of the industry that resulted in a new approach to tackling this relationship. This paper focuses on this new approach, which combined a new regulatory concept – equality of access – with the establishment of a mini-regulator focusing on local loop unbundling processes, and goes on to assess the extent to which the relationship has been improved.     

Communications on energy: Attitudes to fuel choice in UK industry: results of a survey

The results of a survey investigating attitudes to fuel choice among larger industrial consumers are described. The survey was conducted in two parts, the main part in the autumn of 1985, while a follow-up was undertaken following the fall in oil prices in early 1986. The issues covered include: perceived obstacles to fuel switching; attitudes to coal and gas; and responses to lower oil prices. The implications of the survey findings are briefly assessed.     

Options for improving water quality

The waste load, which is the sum of all of the different wastes present, determines water quality. An expression for the waste load is derived in terms of five major factors — the number of people living in the watershed, the per capita waste generation, the waste treatment efficiency, the distribution of wastes and the capacity of the receiving water to assimilate waste. To improve water quality the waste load must be reduced. The possible options for reducing the waste load are determined by examining the means of reducing each of these factors.

The algebraic expression obtained for the waste load shows the relationship between changes in the different control options and the resulting change in water quality.