遥感在水面薄层研究中应用的可行性分析及其验证

从遥感测温的基本原理出发，结合发生在水面热力薄层内热结构变化的物理特征，分析了遥感技术用于监测水面薄层热结构垂直温度廊线与变化的可行性。据此，在气一水热力薄层的实验室模拟研究中得到了应用与验证，经实验证实这种新技术与常规手段结合可为水面热力边界层研究提供可靠的数据来源。由此认为，这一方法的研究将在微尺度海面过程、全球气候变化和水一气间能量通量研究中有着广阔的推广应用前景。     

Data-derived soft-sensors for biological wastewater treatment plants: An overview

This paper surveys and discusses the application of data-derived soft-sensing techniques in biological wastewater treatment plants. Emphasis is given to an extensive overview of the current status and to the specific challenges and potential that allow for an effective application of these soft-sensors in full-scale scenarios. The soft-sensors presented in the case studies have been found to be effective and inexpensive technologies for extracting and modelling relevant process information directly from the process and laboratory data routinely acquired in biological wastewater treatment facilities. The extracted information is in the form of timely analysis of hard-to-measure primary process variables and process diagnostics that characterize the operation of the plants and their instrumentation. The information is invaluable for an effective utilization of advanced control and optimization strategies.     

Spatial Data Infrastructures for environmental e-government services: The case of water abstractions authorisations

Environment-related authorisations are a relevant issue for environmental management. They require a considerable effort by the authorities, and this might result in substantial delays for the citizens. Implementing those authorisation processes by means of e-government services would improve efficiency and, consequently, citizen satisfaction. Environment-related authorisations usually require a variety of geospatial information, and have to deal with administrative areas which do not match physical and ecological ones. They also have to integrate heterogeneous information in different formats, data models and languages, and provided by distinct organisations, even from different countries. This paper discusses how Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) can deal with these problems in the environmental domain, while improving the level of service provision in terms of e-government applications. This is even more relevant within the European Union where there is a legal mandate to establish an SDI to support environmental policies and activities with an impact on the environment. As a proof-of-concept, an application to request and manage water abstraction authorisations, based on an SDI, is demonstrated. This application is part of SDIGER, a cross-border inter-administration SDI to support the water framework directive information access for the Adour–Garonne and Ebro River basins, that was a pilot project for the EU INSPIRE Directive. The introduction of this transactional e-government service modifies the administrative process of granting authorisations: it allows to re-use the effort in data capture made by the applicants in their requests, facilitates the submission of more feasible applications and reduces the workload of the office staff.     

Reclaimed water distribution network design under temporal and spatial growth and demand uncertainties

A significant—but underutilized—water resource is reclaimed water, i.e., treated wastewater that is reintroduced for various purposes. Especially in water scarce regions, reclaimed water is often the only remaining source of water to meet increasing population and water demands. In this paper, we develop a new model formulation for the cost-effective branched reclaimed water network design and solve it with an exact optimization method. We consider both construction and energy costs expended over a twenty-year period. Unlike other formulations, uncertain reclaimed water demands, temporal and spatial population changes are explicitly considered in our two-staged construction and expansion model. In order for the system to meet higher demands during the peak times and to evaluate energy use, we consider two pumping conditions: one with average demands, which is used to compute the average energy consumption, and the other with peak demands, which dominates pipe size and pump station capacity selection. By introducing binary variables that indicate discrete pipe and pump sizes, we linearize the nonlinear hydraulic equations and objective function terms. We develop methods to significantly reduce the problem dimension by exploiting the problem characteristics and network structure. Our computational results indicate that these methods are very effective. Finally, we apply our model to design a reclaimed water network for a realistic municipal system under estimated demand and population scenarios, and analyze the sensitivity of the system to model parameters.     

基于LabVIEW的水质监测中心软件设计

针对目前我国的水质污染情况严重,水质监测手段相对落后的现状,设计了基于LabVIEW的多功能水质监测上位机软件。系统采用网络通信方式,从物联网云平台上获取数据,并结合MATLAB、Access数据库和Elman神经网络技术,分别设计出了系统概述模块、数据接收模块、水质报警模块、数据存储模块、记录查询模块和数据预测模块,完成了数据接收、存储、查询、预测等功能。测试结果表明,该系统稳定可靠,各功能模块均能正常运行,达到了软件设计标准,实现了预期的功能。     

Transient Friction in Pressurized Pipes. II: Two-Coefficient Instantaneous Acceleration–Based Model

The goal in the field of modeling of hydraulic transients is a comprehensive model for pipe networks that is computationally fast and accurate. The fastest models are the one-dimensional (1D) models that use instantaneous acceleration–based (IAB) properties, but unfortunately these models are not as accurate as the more demanding 1D convolution-based (CB) models or quasi two-dimensional models. Focusing on a single pipe, this paper investigates the fundamental behavior of the much more accurate 1D CB model to find two coefficients for use with the two-coefficient formulation of the much-used modified IAB (MIAB) model for complete closing of a downstream valve. Two coefficients are found based on the weighting function used in the CB model, and these coefficients vary along the pipe length. Simulations are compared with two experimental results from tests performed at University of Adelaide in Australia in 1995. The experimental results are for different initial Reynolds numbers of approximately 2,000 and 5,800. The results show very good agreement between simulations and experiments. The improvement of the MIAB model is not general, and for the time being, only complete closure of a downstream valve in a single pipeline at low Reynolds numbers has been investigated.     

Is time really important for research into contracting out public services in cities? Evidence for urban water management in Southern Spain

Local governments are responsible for the supply of important public services in cities. On many occasions the management of those services is externalized. There is extensive literature analyzing the explanations for the governance option taken by local governments, aiming to ascertain the reasons why the management of certain services is externalized. Recent research has highlighted the fact that time has not been contemplated by research dealing with explanatory factors in the decision to contract out municipal services. This is a key issue in order to identify the real reason behind policymakers’ decisions about the management of the services in cities. This paper tests the importance of taking into account time in the research into contracting out. This is undertaken by means of two methodological tests in the design of variables from a dataset containing 744 municipalities in Southern Spain. Using this empirical analysis as a basis, it is concluded that considering time contributes towards enhancing the specification of the model and that omitting this aspect could lead to misunderstanding the motivation behind such decisions.     

When public opposition defeats alternative water projects - The case of Toowoomba Australia

Located approximately 100 km west of Brisbane, Toowoomba is home to approximately 95,000 people. Surface water from dams is the main source of water for the city. In 2006 the residents of Toowoomba were invited to vote in a referendum (plebiscite) concerning whether or not an indirect potable wastewater reuse scheme should be constructed to supply additional water to the area. At that stage dam levels in Toowoomba were at approximately twenty percent of capacity. Toowoomba residents, after intense campaigning on both sides of the referendum debate, voted against the proposal. In July 2008 dam levels dropped to eleven percent. Stage 5 water restrictions have been in place since September 2006, subsequently mains water must not be used for any outdoor uses. This paper describes in detail how public opposition in the case of Toowoomba's referendum, defeated the proposal for a water augmentation solution. Reasons for the failure are analysed. In so doing, the paper provides valuable insights with respect to public participation in indirect potable reuse proposals, and discusses factors including politics, vested interest and information manipulation. This paper is significant because of the lack of detailed information published about failed water infrastructure projects.     

基于ControlLogix PLC的水利工程自动化系统

简要介绍了水利工程信息自动化系统原理与结构.研讨罗克韦尔ControlLogix系列PLC的功能特性及其在水利工程信息自动化系统中的应用。     

延长区块陆相页岩水基钻井液性能优化评价

延长陆相页岩气资源量丰富,勘探开发处于早期研究阶段。储层地质情况复杂,水平井钻井时常发生井塌等事故,为保持井壁稳定常使用油基钻井液,而油基钻井液又面临环境保护和高成本等压力,为此,研制出页岩水基钻井液体系PSW-1。PSW-1钻井液用0.2%聚合物BOP、2.0%提切剂TQ-1和2.0%的润滑剂ORH-1进行处理,以改善其携屑能力和润滑性。PSW-1的动切力为10 Pa、静切力为4.5 Pa/10 Pa、润滑系数为0.07。经过在4口页岩气水平井的现场应用,PSW-1钻井液能有效地悬浮、携带岩屑,大幅降低钻进时的摩阻;失水量为2.0～2.8 mL,井径扩大率仅为6.34%,有效保持井壁稳定和井下安全。为低成本、高效开发延长陆相页岩气水平井提供技术支持。