对氯苯甲醛的合成方法

综述了对氯苯甲醛的合成方法、用途及国内外市场现状，重点阐述了对氯苯甲醛的一系列合成方法，研究了对氯甲苯的氯化催化水解法与直接氧化法及对硝基甲苯的氧化还原法的工艺条件，指出了其相应的合成方法在工业开发上的可行性及存在的问题。通过对几种合成方法的比较得知，对硝基甲苯的氧化还原法因其原料价廉、产品收率高、质量好，且操作简便等优点，具有良好的应用开发前景。     

超细镍基负载型催化剂成型工艺条件研究

以正硅酸乙酯、钛酸丁酯、硝酸镍为主要原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-gel)实验室放大制备10 kg工业中试用催化剂粉料，加胶粘剂A进行挤条成型。催化剂前躯体的物化性能用BET、XRD、TG-DTA、TEM及强度测试仪进行表征，用固定床连续流动微反装置，考察催化剂苯加氢生成环己烷的催化性能。研究结果表明，催化剂的强度随胶粘剂的含量增大而增大，当胶粘剂含量达到13％时，NiO/SiO₂-TiO₂体系产生了新的晶相。胶粘剂的含量对催化剂的催化性能影响很小，该催化剂应用于苯加氢制环己烷实验中，苯转化率均为100％，环己烷的选择性均达到99.0％以上。     

CFRP压力容器固化成型过程中边界条件的确定

文中应用总放热系数等效考虑了CFRP压力容器固化过程中热压釜辐射与对流边界条件。将有限元法引入瞬态热传导的反问题，根据试验测量的温度曲线，并结合最优化理论确定合理的热压釜热边界条件。结果表明：平板试验得到了总放热系数序列，其计算温度与测试温度的最大温差为0．147℃。由此，可以将得到的总放热系数序列作为CFRP压力容器固化成型过程的等效热边界条件，为其固化成型的数值模拟提供计算基础。     

三次样条构造的伪逆解法

为了提高三次样条构造的可行性, 基于矩阵的伪逆方法, 提出一种不依赖额外约束条件的三次样条构造的伪逆解法。该解法通过求解出三次样条二阶导数的最小范数解, 从而较好地构造出三次样条函数。理论分析及数值实验结果表明该三次样条构造的伪逆解法具有简单、有效等特点。综合分析各种构造解法的性质, 对各种三次样条构造解法进行归类比较, 为在实际工程计算应用中选择合适的三次样条构造解法提供了指导方向。     

合成Co_2O_3—Cr_2O_3—Fe_2O_3—MnO_2系高温黑颜料最佳工艺条件的探讨

本文介绍了Co_2O_3—Cr_2O_3—Fe_2O_3—MnO_2系高温黑颜料的合成工艺,研究分析了四种氧化物的不同配比、混合及合成温度等工艺过程对颜料呈色的影响,从而确定了含钴量较低呈色纯正的Co—Cr—Fe—Mn系高温颜料的最佳工艺条件,并利用过渡金属络合物的吸收光谱理论对Co、Cr、Fe、Mn四种元素的变价离子使含Ba釉着黑色的特性作出了定性的分析.     

开放型电石炉绝缘问题浅见

介绍了开放型电石炉绝缘的结构特点，分析了绝缘材料的运行条件，讨论了绝缘系统的设计问题，提出了绝缘测试的三种方法。     

贫燃条件下汽车尾气净化催化技术的发展与展望

本文介绍了用于贫燃发动机尾气，柴油机尾气净化催化技术的发展状况，对各种催化剂及其载体材料的性能进行了比较，提出了开发贫燃条件汽车尾气净化催化技术尚需解决的问题。     

On solutions to fuzzy stochastic differential equations with local martingales

This paper deals with a class of fuzzy stochastic differential equations (FSDEs) driven by a continuous local martingale under the Lipschitzian condition. Such equations can be useful in modeling hybrid systems, where the phenomena are simultaneously subjected to two kinds of uncertainties: randomness and fuzziness. The solutions of the FSDEs are the fuzzy stochastic processes, and their uniqueness is considered to be in a strong sense. Thus, the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the FSDEs under the Lipschitzian condition is first proven. Moreover, some asymptotic properties of the solutions to the FSDEs are investigated. Finally, an illustrating example on the interest term model is provided.     

Nitrogen transformations during hydrolysis and nitrification of urea

Nitrogen transformations occurring in ten soils fertilized with urea were determined during incubation in the laboratory for four weeks. Urea was applied at one rate, but with different placement methods. Urea was applied in solution, as prills with a 1 cm grid spacing and as prills with no spacing. Unfertilized soils and soils amended with KNO₃ solution were included as controls.Nitrite accumulated in the majority of soils treated with urea, and the maximum nitrite concentration measured was directly related to initial soil pH. Cumulative gaseous N losses as percentages of applied N were: NH₃, 0-59.6; N₂, 0-4.9; N₂O, 0-9.9; KMnO₄-N, 0-1.3; CH₃ONO, 0-<0.1. No gaseous N evolution was detected in control treatments. Gaseous N losses were correlated with soil pH (NH₃) maximum NO ₂ ^- concentration (N₂, N₂O, KMnO₄-N) and organic C content (N₂, N₂O). Fertilizer placement effects were generally not significant and were small in comparison with differences between soils.

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Resumo Foram determinadas, durante incubação em laboratório por quatro semanas, as transformações do nitrogênio ocorridas em dez solos fertilizados com uréia. A uréia foi aplicada a um só nivel, mas com diferentes métodos de aplicação: em solução e em grânulos com 1 cm de espaçamento de grade e em grânulos sem espaçamento. Solos não fertilizados e solos corrigidos com solução de KNO₃ foram incluidos como controles.O nitrito acumulado na maioria dos solos tratados com uréia e a concentração máxima de nitrito medido foram diretamente relacionados ao pH inicial do solo. As perdas cumulativas de N gasoso tomadas em percentagens de N aplicado foram: NH₃, 0-59.6; N₂, 0-4.9; N₂O; 0-9.9; KMnO₄-N, 0-1.3; CH₃ONO, 0-<0.1. Não foi detectada liberação de N gasoso nos tratamentos de controle. As perdas de N gasoso foram relacionadas com o pH do solo (NH₃), concentração máxima de NO ₂ ^- (N₂, N₂O, KMnO₄-N) e teor de C orgânico (N₂, N₂O). Efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante não foram de um modo geral significativos e foram pequenos em comparação com as diferenças entre os solos.

     

局部应力分析中两个问题的讨论

容器上的局部结构承受外加载荷时，需要对该局部结构的强度进行评定。本文通过分析后指出，针对局部应力评定的强度条件应根据载荷的种类和性质确定。另外，本文通过实例说明，当进行管系应力分析，从而确定接管施加于容器上的载荷时，接管与容器连接处的柔度对该处载荷值和管道中的最大弯矩值都会有很大影响，在设计中考虑该柔度对设计的安全性和经济性都是有意义的。