环境友好油层保护钻井液的研究及应用

针对江苏油田地层特性和地面生态环境具体情况开展了钻井液防塌性能、油层保护与环境保护的协同研究。在研制和筛选能满足环境保护要求的钻井液处理剂如润滑剂、降滤失剂和油层保护剂等的基础上,通过配方优化研制出了环境友好油层保护钻井液体系,并进行了防塌、油层保护、裂缝封堵等性能的室内评价。评价结果表明:该钻井液体系具有较强的抑制泥页岩膨胀和分散能力,渗透率恢复值大于85%,润滑性及滤失性好,而且无生物毒性,化学毒性低,易生物降解。应用该钻井液体系在江苏油田AF地区进行了现场试验,现场应用表明,该钻井液体系防塌性和油层保护效果好,各项环境指标达到农用污染标准,可直接排放,从源头控制了钻井液的污染,可进一步推广应用。     

陕北富县探区天然气藏钻井液屏蔽暂堵技术

陕北富县探区上古生界储层属低孔、低渗的致密储层,下古生界主要储集空间为溶蚀孔洞和裂缝,孔洞多为1～3 mm的小孔,裂缝宽度为0.2～7.0 mm,油气主要聚集在裂缝中.优选出了由复合暂堵剂CXD、憎水性屏蔽剂DYC和表面活性剂ABA组成的屏蔽暂堵配方,其中CXD具有架桥作用并对裂缝性储层有独特暂堵效果,DYC有浊点效应、能在井壁上快速形成阻止滤液侵入的油膜,ABA能减少水锁损害.加入暂堵剂后的钻井完井液,抑制性增强,页岩回收率在90%以上;高温高压滤失量降低,滤饼薄而韧、光滑;岩心静态渗透率恢复值大于90%;滤饼摩阻系数降低.富古6井通过使用该完井液,堵塞比和表皮系数都在轻微污染范围内,井径扩大率比其它井有不同程度的降低,表明优选出的屏蔽暂堵钻井完井液,能很好地保护陕北探区天然气藏.     

新型阳离子聚合物NCP的合成及应用

介绍了用高分子反应法在固态条件下合成高阳离子度阳离子聚合物NCP的方法,确定了其最佳反应条件,测定了聚合物阳离子度和反应效率.采用L9（34）正交试验法得出合成NCP的最佳反应条件为：聚合物与阳离子化试剂质量比为11：3;催化剂用量为1.072%,反应时间为2.5 h;反应温度为80℃.实验结果表明,在反应体系中加入催化剂和少量有机或无机溶剂可显著提高反应速率和效率;使用少量润湿剂,可最大限度地限制副反应,造成反应部位的局部浓度高,提高反应效率.阳离子聚合物NCP可作为增粘降滤失剂用于配制正电性钻井液,效果优良,且耐温性能良好,同时基于阳离子与阴离子聚合物在溶液中生成凝胶状沉淀物的特性,NCP还可用于解决注聚区块生产井产出水中含高浓度聚合物的问题.     

膨胀水泥浆体系在苏丹1/2/4区块水平井固井中的应用

随着苏丹1／2／4区块的深入开发，为了加快开发主力油层，提高原油产量，降低钻井成本，GNPOC在此区块布置水平井开发任务。所开发的区域主要分布于Heglig，Munga，Simbir，Bamboo区块，油层所在是Zaqar和Bentiue地层。此层位具有高渗透，地层温度高，易塌、气窜等复杂问题，尤其是Heglig和Munga地区井壁坍塌严重。为此，根据地质资料、井身结构和对水平井注水泥的技术要求，科学合理设计施工工艺，优选出适合此地区固井施工的冲洗液和隔离液，特别是经过努力实践，开发出了新型膨胀水泥浆体系，此体系具有高强度、低失水、无析水、防气窜之功效。结合使用哈里伯顿CPT—Y4大功率固井车，精确计量和自动密度控制，该体系水泥浆目前已在7口水平井施工中得以应用，均为优质井。现正在被大量使用，此体系的开发，解决了该固井技术难题，创造了中国固井在海外首次水平井作业一次成功的历史记录，具有较高的经济和社会效益。     

PROGRESS IN THE MODELLING OF AIR FLOW PATTERNS IN TIMBER KILNS

Progress in modelling air flow patterns in timber kilns using Computational Fluid Dynamics is reviewed in this work. These simulations are intended to predict the distribution of the flow in the fillet spaces between boards in a hydraulic model of a timber kiln. Here, the flow regime between the boards is transitional between laminar and turbulent flow, with Reynolds numbers of the order of 5000. Running the simulation as a transient calculation has shown few problems with convergence issues, reaching a mass residual of 0.2% of the total inflow after 40-100 iterations per time step for time steps of 0.01 s. Grid sensitivity studies have shown that non-uniform grids are necessary because of the sudden changes in flow cross section, and the flow simulations are insensitive to grid refinement for non-uniform grids with more than 300,000 cells. The best agreement between the experimentally-measured flow distributions between fillet spaces and those predicted by the simulation have been achieved for (effective) bulk viscosities between the laminar viscosity for water and ten times that value. This change in viscosity is not very large (less than an order of magnitude), given that effective turbulent viscosities are typically several orders of magnitude greater than laminar ones. This result is consistent with the transitional flows here.     

Origin of the negative wake behind a bubble rising in non-Newtonian fluids

The present work aims at understanding the behavior of individual bubbles in non-Newtonian fluids. By means of a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) device, the complete flow field around either a single non-spherical bubble rising in polyacrylamide (PAAm) solutions or a solid sphere settling down in the same fluids shows for the first time the similar coexistence of three distinct zones: a central downward flow behind the bubble or the sphere (negative wake), a conical upward flow surrounding the negative wake zone, and an upward flow zone in front of the bubble or the sphere. This excludes then the possible influence of the interface deformation on the negative wake. A theoretical lattice Boltzmann scheme coupled to a sixth-order Maxwell model was developed for computing the complex flow field around a solid sphere. The good agreement with the experimental measurements provides evidence that the physical mechanism responsible for the negative wake in such fluids could be related to the fluid's viscoelastic properties.     

Validation of a Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of a Contact Tank

A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a contact tank is presented in this paper. The model results are compared against 3D velocities and flow through curve (FTC) data, representing a tracer concentration profile, from a 1:8 scale physical model. The objective is to demonstrate that CFD models can simulate both the FTC and the 3D velocity field quite well. Simultaneous validation of velocities and FTC is important in ascertaining the predictive capabilities of CFD models, as physical model studies indicate that different baffle arrangements can lead to similar FTCs. Therefore, a good prediction of only FTC, as presented in previous 3D CFD model studies, does not necessarily imply a correct simulation of the flow field.     

A new curvature technique calculation for surface tension contribution in PLIC-VOF method

The volume of fluid (VOF) methods have been used for numerous numerical simulations. Among these techniques used to define the moving interface, the piecewise linear interface reconstruction (PLIC-VOF) is one of the most accurate. A study of the superficial tension impact on two-phase flow with free surface is presented. A new method based on direct staggered grid is developped to include surface tension in PLIC-VOF. The new numerical curvature calculation method doesn't need smoothed colour function and leads to less “spurious current”. This technique is applied to the calculus of surface tension force in the case of the rise of air bubble in viscous liquid and the fall of liquid drop in the same liquid on free surface. Droplets, thin layer and capillarity waves are observed after the free surface rupture for different Bond number. The influence of surface tension calculus is then obvioused and when the drop hit the free surface, wavelets propagate toward the virtual boundaries imposed.     

油基钻井液的推广及循环利用

针对普通水基钻井液在钻进中强、强水敏性油藏时会造成储层污染、产量降低的问题,指出了油基钻井液在钻进该类油藏时的优势和其成本高、对生态环境有污染的缺点。为了大面积推广应用油基钻井液,重点介绍了油基钻井液的特性和稳定性影响因素,并通过室内评价证明了油基钻井液在油层保护中的良好效果,着重阐述了油基钻井液在王庄油田的现场应用情况,并探讨了油基钻井液的循环利用技术。研究结果表明,油基钻井液不仅具有良好的油层保护效果,而且具有较好的社会经济效益。     

砂岩储层渗透率表征方法探讨

渗透率是反映储层渗流能力的重要参数，目前对于单一储层的渗透率表征方法，通常是在岩心分析渗透率或测井解释渗透率的基础上进行厚度加权算术平均。这种方法对于均质的储层来说是适用的，但对于非均质严重的储层，不能准确反映该储层的实际渗流能力。本文提出一种应用可动流体体积权衡表征渗透率的方法，经实际资料验证，能较好地反映储层的实际渗透能力。