Peroxo salts as initiators of vinyl polymerization: Polymerization of acrolein initiated by potassium peroxodiphosphate

Kinetic studies were made on the polymerization of acrolein initated by potassium peroxodiphosphate (PP) in aqueous solution, in the presence and absence of Ag⁺ ions. The rate of polymerization was found to depend on [M]^3/2 (M = monomer) and was independent of both [PP] and [Ag⁺]. The overall activation energy was calculated to be 4.8 kcal mol⁻¹. A mechanism involving termination by PO^2-₄ radicals is proposed and discussed.     

Mode of action of oxidation‐active centres in Mo–V mixed oxides on the partial oxidation of an unsaturated aldehyde

The mode of action of the oxidation‐active centres in Mo–V mixed oxides on the selective oxidation of an unsaturated aldehyde was investigated by non‐steady‐state methods. Various oxidation‐active centres, differing in activity and selectivity, were identified by non‐steady‐state methods. In addition, the influence of the crystallinity of the Mo–V mixed oxides on the activity and selectivity properties were investigated. It was shown that, in contrast to crystalline samples, only X‐ray‐amorphous Mo–V mixed oxides contained selective oxidation centres. The measurements were used to derive a model based on the interaction of active centres with various redox properties. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

H_3PW_（12）O_（40）/Al_2O_3催化甘油合成丙烯醛的工艺

采用等体积浸渍法制备了杂多酸H3PW12O40/Al2O3催化剂,用IR、XRD、BET等方法对催化剂进行了表征。同时利用常压连续流动的固定床反应器考察该催化剂对甘油制备丙烯醛的工艺条件,重点考察了催化剂的种类、杂多酸的负载量、反应温度等条件对反应的影响。结果表明,由甘油制备丙烯醛的较优条件为：当催化剂为H3PW12O40/Al2O3,负载量为20%,反应温度为360℃时,丙烯醛的摩尔选择性可达87.3%,甘油的转化率为100%。     

High Regioselective Diels–‐Alder Reaction of Myrcene with Acrolein Catalyzed by Zinc‐Containing Ionic Liquids

The ambient zinc‐containing ionic liquids, MX‐ZnCl₂, functioning as both Lewis acid catalyst and green solvent, are employed for a high regioselective Diels–Alder reaction of myrcene with acrolein for the first time, where MX is either 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide (EmimBr), N‐butylpyridinium bromide (BPyBr), or N‐ethylpyridinium bromide (EtPyBr). Compared with the analogous reaction performed over a ZnCl₂ catalyst in the conventional solvent dichloromethane, higher regioselectivity of the ‘para’ cycloadduct and excellent yield were achieved at shorter reaction time in these ionic liquids with optimized molar compositions of MX and ZnCl₂. These moisture‐insensitive ionic liquids can be easily separated from reaction products after simple washing with hexane, allowing their reuse with no obvious loss in activity.     

甘油气相脱水制备丙烯醛催化剂的研究进展

以生物质源甘油为原料,通过甘油催化脱水制备丙烯醛是一个非常重要的生物质转化反应。综述了近年来有关甘油气相脱水制备丙烯醛催化剂的研究进展,将催化剂分为分子筛、金属氧化物和复合金属氧化物、杂多酸和磷酸盐3大类进行介绍,指出了在该反应催化剂设计方面面临的问题和挑战,展望了未来的发展趋势。     

H_3PW_(12)O_(40)/Al_2O_3催化剂在甘油脱水制备丙烯醛反应中的性能评价研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了H3PW12O40/Al2O3催化剂,在常压连续流动固定床反应器中,对催化剂的活性稳定性进行了考察,同时利用BET、SEM和XRD等对反应前后的催化剂进行了基本表征。结果显示,在反应过程中,催化剂上的积炭量呈上升趋势,尤其在催化剂活性增长期其积炭生成速率很快。较高的空速有利于减少催化剂上的积炭量。积炭可能是由丙烯醛在杂多酸催化剂上的聚合而产生的,它覆盖在催化剂表面,堵塞了孔道,从而引起了催化剂活性降低。但积炭并没有破坏催化剂的结构,催化剂仍然保持Keggin结构,仍具有催化活性。     

Synthesis of acrolein by gas‐phase dehydration of glycerol over silica supported Bronsted acidic ionic liquid catalysts

BACKGROUND: Glycerol has become readily available as a byproduct from the biodiesel industry. High functionality and relatively low price make it a potential building block to produce value‐added derivatives such as acrolein. RESULTS: Dehydration of glycerol to acrolein was performed over several silica supported Brønsted acidic ionic liquids as catalysts. All the catalysts prepared were active for the synthesis of acrolein (conversion of glycerol was observed in the range 35–90% with selectivity to acrolein in the range 29–58%). CONCLUSIONS: Catalyst prepared from triphenyl (3‐sulfopropyl) phosphonium 4‐methylbenzenesulfonate gave good activity and selectivity at 4 h reaction time. The conversion of glycerol decreased with increase in glycerol concentration. Higher temperature (325 °C) resulted in significantly lower conversion as well as selectivity to acrolein. With the use of two additional traps cooled to ? 7 °C, the selectivity to acrolein increased significantly for good catalysts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

123树脂的合成、改性及在推进剂和炸药中的应用

介绍了123树脂的组成及固化机理,重点介绍了123树脂的合成、精制及改性,其中催化剂的选择不仅影响催化活性和反应速度,还能直接影响预聚物的黏度,进而影响固化产物的性质.此外,还介绍了123树脂在推进剂和炸药中的应用情况.     

茶碱及其复配多酚协同清除丙烯醛作用研究

目的 考察茶碱及结构相似的生物碱在模拟加工体系中对丙烯醛（acrolein, ACR）的清除活性并探究12种常见多酚与茶碱复配对其活性的影响。方法 通过高效液相色谱法分析模拟加工体系中茶碱及结构相似的生物碱对ACR的清除活性以及模拟生理条件下12种多酚与茶碱复配后反应体系中茶碱和ACR一加合产物（TP-ACR）含量的变化,并以表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（Epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG）为代表,根据Chou-Talalay法则将茶碱与EGCG以1:50的比例进行复配, 计算联合作用指数,分析复配组分之间作用效果。结果 茶碱、副黄嘌呤、可可碱在模拟加工体系均有良好的ACR清除活性,茶碱的活性最佳,30min时可清除体系中79%的ACR。12种多酚中杨梅素、槲皮素、山奈酚、高良姜素和姜黄素可促进茶碱对ACR的清除作用,促进效果分别可达10.7%、26.8%、20.1%、19.4%、43.1%,而根皮素、表儿茶素、EGCG、阿魏酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸和白藜芦醇则抑制了茶碱的清除活性。茶碱与EGCG的添加浓度范围分别为0.05-0.5 μg/mL与2.5-25 μg/mL时联用在低温和高温条件下均可表现出较好的协同效应。结论 茶碱自身可在模拟加工条件下发挥良好的ACR清除作用,且可与多酚联用协同增效,从而提高其清除活性。     

Multifunctionality of Active Centers in (Amm)oxidation Catalysts: From Bi–Mo–O x to Mo–V–Nb–(Te, Sb)–O x

Catalytic centers in selective (allylic) oxidation and ammoxidation catalysts are multimetallic and multifunctional. In the historically important bismuth molybdates, used for propylene (amm)oxidation, they are composed of (Bi³⁺)(Mo⁶⁺)₂ complexes in which the Bi³⁺ site is associated with the -H abstraction and the (Mo⁶⁺)₂ site with the propylene chemisorption and O or NH insertion. An updated reaction mechanism is presented. In the Mo–V–Nb–Te–O _x systems, three crystalline phases (orthorhombic Mo_7.5V_1.5NbTeO₂₉, pseudohexagonal Mo₆Te₂VO₂₀, and monoclinic TeMo₅O₁₆) were identified, with the orthorhombic phase being the most important one for propane (amm)oxidation. Its active centers contain all necessary key catalytic elements (2V⁵⁺/Mo⁶⁺, 1V⁴⁺/Mo⁵⁺, 2Mo⁶⁺/Mo⁵⁺, 2Te⁴⁺) for this reaction wherein a V⁵⁺ surface site (V⁵⁺ = O ⁴⁺V–O) is associated with paraffin activation, a Te⁴⁺ site with -H abstraction once the olefin has formed, and a (Mo⁶⁺)₂ site with the NH insertion. Four Nb⁵⁺ centers, each surrounded by five molybdenum octahedra, stabilize and structurally isolate the catalytically active centers from each other (site isolation), thereby leading to high selectivity of the desired acrylonitrile product. A detailed reaction mechanism of propane ammoxidation to acrylonitrile is proposed. Combinatorial methodology identified the nominal composition Mo_0.6V_0.187Te_0.14Nb_0.085O _x for maximum acrylonitrile yield from propane, 61.8% (86% conversion, 72% selectivity at 420 °C). We propose that this system, composed of 60% Mo_7.5V_1.5NbTeO₂₉, 40% Mo₆Te₂VO₂₀, and trace TeMo₅O₁₆, functions with a combination of compositional pinning of the optimum orthorhombic Mo_7.5V_1.5±x Nb_1±y Te_1±z O_29± phase and symbiotic mop-up of olefin intermediates through phase cooperation. Under mild reaction conditions, a single optimum orthorhombic composition might suffice as the catalyst; under demanding conditions this symbiosis is additionally required. Improvements in catalyst performance could be attained by further optimization of the elemental distributions at the active catalytic center of Mo_7.5V_1.5NbTeO₂₉, by promoter/modifier substitutions, and incorporation of compatible cocatalytic phases (preferably epitaxially matched). High-throughput methods will greatly accelerate the rational catalyst design processes.