Trap trees for elm bark beetles

European elm bark beetles,Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.), were strongly attracted to American elms,Ulmus americana L., baited with theS. multistriatus attractant, multilure, or killed by injection of the arboricide, cacodylic acid; a combination of the two treatments was most attractive. Comparisons of beetle catches on sticky bands affixed to the trees with samples of bark from the same trees showed that the number of beetles landing on cacodylic acid-treated trees was approximately 40 times greater than the number boring into them. Spraying the bark with the insecticide chlorpyrifos had no direct effect on attraction. No live bark beetle brood was found in trees that had been treated with cacodylic acid or chlorpyrifos, but trees that were only baited or left untreated (check) were attacked, killed, and colonized. We suggest that the contribution of the cacodylic acid trap tree technique to Dutch elm disease control will be enhanced by baiting treated trees with multilure and spraying their lower boles with 0.5% chlorpyrifos. This treatment will eliminate diseased and unwanted elms as potential breeding material and kill large numbers of elm bark beetles that might otherwise innoculate healthy elms with the Dutch elm disease fungus.     

Effects ofSolanum glycoalkaloids on chemosensilla in the Colorado potato beetle

Steroidal glycoalkaloids, found in species of the Solanaceae, elicit bursting activity in galeal and tarsal chemosensilla of adult Colorado potato beetles. The effect has an average latency of 6–12 sec, depending on the sensillum/alkaloid combination. A 20-sec alkaloid treatment is often suffficient to render galeal sensilla unresponsive to gamma-aminobutyric acid, normally an effective stimulant. The alkaloids have similar effects on galeal sensilla of larval Colorado potato beetles and on labellar chemosensilla of the blowfly. It is concluded that these compounds act independently of any specialized chemoreceptor in the Colorado potato beetle, and that association of the Colorado potato beetle with solanaceous plants has not led to evolution of a specific receptor forSolanum glycoalkaloids.     

Field response ofDendroctonus brevicomis toexo-brevicomin,frontalin, and myrcene released at two proportions and three levels

Racemicezo-brevicomin, racemic frontalin, and myrcene were released at two proportions (51400 and 111), each at three levels (1 ×, 10 ×, and 100 ×) in a ponderosa pine forest in central California. The 51400 mix was based on an estimate of the relative amounts released from a ponderosa pine under attack by the western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis. MoreD. brevicomis were trapped at a source of the three compounds released at 51400 than were trapped at a source released at 111, at all three levels, but this difference was statistically significant only at the 1 × and 10 × levels. Sex ratio of trapped beetles and distribution of catch at the source of attractant and 5 m away apparently did not differ between relative release rates.Coleoptera: Scolytidae.Trade names are mentioned solely for information. No endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture is implied.     

Susceptibility of ancient wheat species to storage pests Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium confusum

The feeding behavior of storage pests colonizing the spikelets of ancient wheats remains insufficiently investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of emmer, spelt and common wheat grown under different agronomic conditions to storage pests, including the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the Tribolium confusum (du Val) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The experiment was performed on the spikelets of two non-free-threshing wheat species, spelt Triticum spelta (L.) cv. Wirtas and emmer Triticum diccocon (Schrank) cv. Bondka, and the grain of free-threshing common wheat Triticum aestivum (L.) cv. Bombona. The remaining experimental factors were different nitrogen fertilization rates and the application of a growth regulator. Two storage pest species, the S. granarius and the T. confusum, were introduced to the experimental grain and spikelets. The results after 6 months revealed that different nitrogen fertilization rates, the application of the growth regulator and wheat species did not affect the population size of S. granarius. After 12 months of incubation, no significant changes were found in the abundance of T. confusum in response to nitrogen fertilization, growth regulator or wheat species. After 12 months of incubation, wheat species exerted an inhibitory effect on the population size of S. granarius. Spelt was the most resistant and common wheat was the least resistant wheat species. The results of this study indicate that spelt was most resistant to storage pests, whereas common wheat grain was most abundantly colonized by storage pests.     

锈赤扁谷盗侵染后小麦自身挥发性化合物动态变化研究

为探究不同储藏周期及不同虫口密度锈赤扁谷盗侵染后小麦自身挥发性化合物的动态变化,采用两种固相微萃取模式(顶空固相微萃取,HS-SPME;浸入固相微萃取,DI-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术进行定性定量测定.基于小麦挥发性化合物的相对含量,通过偏最小二乘法-判别分析(PLS-DA)建立模型,然后找到对...     

Impact of dams on point bar habitat: a case for the extirpation of the Sacramento Valley Tiger Beetle,C. hirticollis abrupta

Quantitative analyses of flow and stage data, remote sensing and geographic information systems analysis, and field studies were used to assess the impact of dams and diversions on the point bar habitat of the Sacramento Valley Tiger Beetle (Cicindela hirticollis abrupta). The reaches of interest include sites of known historic populations of C. h. abrupta along the Sacramento River from approximately 8 km north of Colusa southward to the confluence with the Feather River and along the Feather River between Yuba City and its confluence with the Sacramento River. The results from this study show that construction of two major dams has altered flows such that prolonged and increased flows during summer, fall, and early winter have most likely disrupted life cycles, flooded larvae, drowned overwintering adults and led to high mortality. Additionally, habitat availability has decreased over time because point bars have decreased in number and area causing increased distances between populations and isolation of populations. Moreover, point bar armouring, channel scouring, altered flows, redirected flows through weirs, and lithologic controls have produced a bimodal distribution of mean grain sizes in the Sacramento River in which the more northern bars contain gravel deposits and more southern bars possess fine sands. These conditions negatively alter moisture retention and sediment compaction and, consequently, burrowing conditions needed by this tiger beetle. Additionally, more stabilized flows (reduced variability) and increased fine‐grained deposition have enabled development and encroachment of vegetation onto the sand bars. Finally, human stresses, such as foot traffic and vehicular traffic may have interfered with burrowing, ovipositing, and foraging. The combination of these stress factors has most likely led to a reduction in source populations and, ultimately, the apparent extirpation of the entire metapopulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对六种皮蠹科仓虫的探讨

本文扼要描述了六种皮蠹科仓库害虫的形态特征,并对分布于我国西部广大地区的“褐皮蠹”问题作了一些探讨。     

数学形态学在储粮昆虫图像识别中的应用

充分分析了储粮昆虫图像分割在图像模式识别中的必要性,然后提出一种基于数学形态学的改进的图像分割方法.与一般的将物体从背景中分割出来的分割方法不同,这种基于数学形态学的改进的图像分割方法,不仅可以将储粮昆虫的足和触角分割出来,而且很好的保留了各个部分的边缘细节特征.     

天牛须搜索算法实现小波滤波器直接频域逼近

针对频域法构造小波滤波器方法较少、稳定性无法保证、逼近精度不高等问题,基于天牛须搜索算法提出了一种小波滤波器直接频域逼近方法.首先根据小波滤波器电路的基本要求设计逼近有理式,然后加入电路实现所需的稳定性、正实性和初值为零的约束条件,建立小波滤波器逼近的频域优化模型.再以高斯小波和Marr小波为例,使用天牛须搜索算法求解...     

基于BAS-BP分类器模型的电压暂降源识别

为提高不同电压暂降扰动源的识别正确率,对电压暂降进行有效治理,提出一种利用天牛须搜索(BAS)算法和反向传播(BP)神经网络构建BAS-BP分类器模型的电压暂降源识别方法。文中应用改进S变换提取16个特征指标,组成电压暂降源识别指标体系,为消除冗余信息对分类结果的影响,利用组合赋权法筛选出9个指标作为分类器的输入量。通过BAS算法对BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值寻优,构建BAS-BP分类器模型,实现对配电网不同类型电压暂降源的识别。仿真结果表明,该分类器模型具有一定的抗噪能力与适用性,并且与常规分类器模型相比,具有更好的分类效果。