Olfactory responses ofIps plastographus maritimus lanier (coleoptera: Scolytidae) to insect and host-associated volatiles in the laboratory

Attraction of both sexes ofIps plastographus maritimus Lanier to bark-phloem-xylem discs of Monterey pine,Pinus radiata D. Don, was demonstrated in the laboratory. Increasing concentrations of male and female volatiles trapped separately and released in a one-to-one ratio decreased attraction for both sexes combined. Attraction of both sexes to volatiles derived from males and females tunneling together in a one-to-one ratio increased with increasing concentration of extract. Attraction of males and females to male-infested discs and to trapped male volatiles increased with increasing dose of males or male extract. Attraction of males and females to female-infested discs and to trapped female volatiles was also demonstrated. The presence of females in male galleries reduced the attractiveness of infested disks to both sexes combined. Increasing numbers of females, tunneling separately from males in the same disc, reduced attraction of males, but not females. When a constant attractive dose of male volatiles was released with increasing doses of female volatiles, there was no difference in response of either sex when female volatiles were present compared with the response to male volatiles alone. When a constant attractive dose of male volatiles was released with increasing concentrations of volatiles derived from males and females tunneling together in a one-to-one ratio, attraction ofI. p. maritimus decreased. Response of females was frequently higher than that of males to the same attractant source. Hence, both sexes produce an attractant, and both sexes tunneling together in the same gallery reduce attraction of males and females to an attractive dose of male attractant.     

数学形态学在储粮昆虫图像识别中的应用

充分分析了储粮昆虫图像分割在图像模式识别中的必要性,然后提出一种基于数学形态学的改进的图像分割方法.与一般的将物体从背景中分割出来的分割方法不同,这种基于数学形态学的改进的图像分割方法,不仅可以将储粮昆虫的足和触角分割出来,而且很好的保留了各个部分的边缘细节特征.     

Assessing canopy mortality during a mountain pine beetle outbreak using GeoEye-1 high spatial resolution satellite data

Continuing, severe outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) across western North America have resulted in widespread mortality of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Multiple studies have used high spatial resolution satellite data to map areas of beetle kill; these studies have largely focused on mapping red canopy cover associated with recent tree mortality and have not examined mapping gray canopy cover that occurs after red needles have dropped. The work presented here examines the use of newly available GeoEye-1 data for mapping both red and gray canopy area in southeastern Wyoming lodgepole pine forest. A 0.5 m spatial resolution, pan-sharpened GeoEye-1 image was used to classify areas of green, red, and gray canopy cover. Reference data were collected at twelve 500 m² field plots. Shadow-normalized green, red, and gray canopy area from classified GeoEye-1 data closely agreed with field-estimated green, red, and gray canopy area. Mean absolute error in canopy cover for the twelve sample plots was 8.3% for the green class, 5.4% for the red class, and 7.2% for the gray class. When all twelve plots were aggregated, remotely sensed estimates of green, red, and gray cover were within 1.7% of the field-estimated cover. Our results demonstrate that high spatial resolution spaceborne multispectral data are a promising tool for mapping canopy mortality caused by mountain pine beetle outbreaks.     

基于天牛须搜索的花朵授粉算法

针对花朵授粉算法后期收敛速度慢,寻优精度低的缺点,提出了一种基于天牛须搜索的花朵授粉算法（BASFPA）。算法首先在全局寻优阶段采用天牛须搜索加快收敛,其次在局部寻优阶段加入变异策略帮助算法跳出局部最优。实验使用6个常用优化函数进行测试,结果表明BASFPA在低维和高维下收敛速度和精度均高于其他算法,达到相同精度所需的迭代次数均小于其他算法,证明天牛须搜索对FPA算法的改进是合理的。     

Continuous wavelet analysis for the detection of green attack damage due to mountain pine beetle infestation

Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is the most destructive insect infesting mature pine forests in North America and has devastated millions of hectares of forest in western Canada. Past studies have demonstrated the use of multispectral imagery for remote identification and mapping of visible or red attack damage in forests. This study aims to detect pre-visual or green attack damage in lodgepole pine needles by means of hyperspectral measurements, particularly via continuous wavelet analysis. Field measurements of lodgepole pine stands were conducted at two sites located northwest of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. In June and August of 2007, reflectance spectra (350-2500 nm) were collected for 16 pairs of trees. Each of the 16 tree pairs included one control tree (healthy), and one stressed tree (girdled to simulate the effects of beetle infestation). In addition, during the period of June through October 2008, spectra were collected from 15 pairs of control- and beetle-infested trees. Spectra derived from these 31 tree pairs were subjected to a continuous wavelet transform, generating a scalogram that compiles the wavelet power as a function of wavelength location and scale of decomposition. Linear relationships were then explored between the wavelet scalograms and chemical properties or class labels (control and non-control) of the sample populations in order to isolate the most useful distinguishing spectral features that related to infested or girdled trees vs. control trees.A deficit in water content is observed in infested trees while an additional deficit in chlorophyll content is seen for girdled trees. The measurable water deficit of infested and girdled tree samples was detectable from the wavelet analysis of the reflectance spectra providing a novel method for the detection of green attack. The spectral features distinguishing control and infested trees are predominantly located between 950 and 1390 nm from scales 1 to 8. Of those, five features between 1318 to 1322 nm at scale 7 are consistently found in the July and August 2008 datasets. These features are located at longer wavelengths than those investigated in previous studies (below 1100 nm) and provide new insights into the potential remote detection of green attack. Spectral features that distinguish control and girdled trees were mostly observed between 1550 and 2370 nm from scales 1 to 5. The differing response of girdled and infested trees appears to indicate that the girdling process does not provide a perfect simulation of the effects caused by beetle infestation.It remains to be determined if the location of the 1318-1322 nm features, near the edge of a strong atmospheric water absorption band, will be sufficiently separable for use in airborne detection of green attack. A plot comparing needle water content and wavelet power at 1320 nm reveals considerable overlap between data derived from both infested and control samples, though the groups are statistically separable. This obstacle may preclude a high accuracy separation of healthy and infected single individuals, but establishing threshold identification levels may provide an economical, efficient and expeditious method for discriminating between healthy and infested tree populations.     

优化极限学习机算法及其在力信息解耦中的应用

高性能解耦算法有助于提高多维力传感器的检测精度。针对传统非线性解耦算法存在精度较低等缺点,对极限学习机算法进行了优化和改进,并将其应用于多维力信息解耦。在基于粒子群和遗传算法两种改进极限学习机算法(PSO-ELM、GA-ELM)的基础上,提出了一种基于天牛须算法的改进极限学习机(BAS-ELM),天牛须算法针对极限学习机隐含层节点参数的每一维进行逐步的优化,使得整体损失函数最小。为验证算法性能,本文以六维力/力矩传感器为实验对象,将各类改进算法应用到力/力矩传感器的非线性解耦中,通过解耦实验可知,与其他算法相比,BAS-ELM解耦精度更高、收敛时间更短,对于非线性解耦具有更强的适应性。     

腰部外骨骼机器人线性自抗扰控制器参数优化

针对腰部外骨骼机器人线性自抗扰控制器参数难以调整的问题,本文提出一种基于天牛须搜索的改进粒子群算法(PSO)。建立腰部外骨骼机器人模型,采用线性自抗扰控制器,进一步引入改进的PSO对其进行参数优化。该算法通过混沌初始化种群,提高粒子执行效率;采用非线性策略调整惯性因子和学习因子,加强粒子的搜索能力;引入天牛须搜索算法与PSO结合,并采用自适应权重,使得粒子可对周边环境进行较好地判断,避免粒子陷入局部最优。分别通过6个测试函数和建立系统评价指标进行仿真实验,结果表明所提出的算法有更好的收敛精度,优化后的控制器具有更好的控制性能。     

采用智能算法参数整定的磁流变减摆自抗扰控制

为了提高飞机起飞和降落过程中的稳定性及安全性,采用磁流变阻尼器进行飞机前轮摆振控制。本文描绘了改进的Bouc-wen模型磁流变阻尼器的力学特性,并将之用于一个三自由度的飞机前起落架模型中,而后为此设计了减摆自抗扰控制器(active disturbance rejection control, ADRC);然后采用混沌分数阶天牛群算法整定优化自抗扰控制器的参数。最后,仿真结果显示经智能算法优化参数后的减摆自抗扰控制器能够较好地控制摆振现象,并且其性能具有一定的鲁棒性。     

Assessment of QuickBird high spatial resolution imagery to detect red attack damage due to mountain pine beetle infestation

High spatial resolution remotely sensed data has the potential to complement existing forest health programs for both strategic planning over large areas, as well as for detailed and precise identification of tree crowns subject to stress and infestation. The area impacted by the current mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in British Columbia, Canada, has increased 40-fold over the previous 5 years, with approximately 8.5 million ha of forest infested in 2005. As a result of the spatial extent and intensity of the outbreak, new technologies are being assessed to help detect, map, and monitor the damage caused by the beetle, and to inform mitigation of future beetle outbreaks. In this paper, we evaluate the capacity of high spatial resolution QuickBird multi-spectral imagery to detect mountain pine beetle red attack damage. ANOVA testing of individual spectral bands, as well as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and a ratio of red to green reflectance (Red-Green Index or RGI), indicated that the RGI was the most successful (p < 0.001) at separating non-attack crowns from red attack crowns. Based on this result, the RGI was subsequently used to develop a binary classification of red attack and non-attack pixels. The total number of QuickBird pixels classified as having red attack damage within a 50 m buffer of a known forest health survey point were compared to the number of red attack trees recorded at the time of the forest health survey. The relationship between the number of red attack pixels and observed red attack crowns was assessed using independent validation data and was found to be significant (r² = 0.48, p < 0.001, standard error = 2.8 crowns). A comparison of the number of QuickBird pixels classified as red attack, and a broader scale index of mountain pine beetle red attack damage (Enhanced Wetness Difference Index, calculated from a time series of Landsat imagery), was significant (r² = 0.61, p < 0.001, standard error = 1.3 crowns). These results suggest that high spatial resolution imagery, in particular QuickBird satellite imagery, has a valuable role to play in identifying tree crowns with red attack damage. This information could subsequently be used to augment existing detailed forest health surveys, calibrate synoptic estimates of red attack damage generated from overview surveys and/or coarse scale remotely sensed data, and facilitate the generation of value-added information products, such as estimates of timber volume impacts at the forest stand level.     

β21S钛合金工艺塑性图

主要研究了β21S钛合金的工艺塑性图，制定了该合金的锻造工艺参数。通过该合金的工艺塑性图，确定变形温度为750-1050℃，最大变形量为75％－80％，终缎温度为700℃。从合金的工艺塑性角度来看，以上 数据是合理的。