有机化合物好氧生物降解性的研究方法

对合成有机化合物的生物降解性研究,可以预测各类化合物在环境中的滞留与影响,为某些化合物的生产和应用以及排放条件提供立法依据,并对开发更有效的生物处理技术具有重要意义。本文从合成有机物生物降解性研究的意义、研究方法等方面,介绍了国内外在这方面研究工作的进展情况。同时,对皮革化工材料生物降解性研究提出了建议。     

Combined γ-ray irradiation-activated sludge treatment of humic acid solution from landfill leachate

Humic acid, which is a typical microbially refractory organic substance, was extracted from a landfill leachate. The humic acid solution (COD = 367 mg 1⁻¹; TOC = 293 mg 1⁻¹; BOD = 27 mg 1⁻¹) was applied to a batch scale activated sludge treatment after the modification of its biodegradability by γ-ray irradiation. The BOD increased to 64 mg 1⁻¹ by irradiation of 15 kGy (1.5 Mrad), while the COD and TOC decreased to 231 and 230 mg 1⁻¹, respectively. When the irradiated sample was treated with an activated sludge, the BOD decreased rapidly in 2–3 h to about 15 mg 1⁻¹ which was a similar value as the unirradiated sample was treated. The elimination efficiency of TOC by the sludge treatment was approximately equal to that obtained by irradiation of 15 kGy. These facts suggest a utility of applying microbial processes after radiation treatment of microbially refractory wastewaters.     

Anaerobic toxicity and biodegradability of pulp mill waste constituents

Batch bioassays have been conducted to characterize the response of methanogenic bacteria to several constituents of sulfite evaporator condensate. The results can be grouped into three ranges with increasingly severe consequences to anaerobic reactors: a low concentration, no effect range; a medium concentration range where methanogenesis is temporarily interrupted or slowed down, but may return to normal; and a high concentration range where methanogenesis is permanently inhibited. In some cases the toxicant was metabolized when present in the lower concentration ranges. There was also evidence that mechanisms other than fermentation to methane were significant in accounting for removal of the toxicants from solution. Organisms acclimated to low concentrations of a toxicant are better able to withstand a shock load of that toxicant than are unacclimated organisms.     

天冬氨酸/谷氨酸共聚物的可生物降解性

天冬氨酸/谷氨酸共聚物(PAG)作为一种新型水处理剂,考察其环境友好性十分必要.采用CO2产生法(ISO9439)研究共聚物(PAG)的可生物降解性.结果表明,相对分子质量Mw=3000的共聚物(PAG)10 d和28 d的降解率分别为34%和79%,为易降解阻垢剂;PAG的可生物降解性受谷氨酸比例和共聚物相对分子质量的影响;PAG具有优良可生物降解性的原因可能在于分子中存在较多的—COO-和C—N骨架.研究还发现,Cu2 的存在导致PAG的生物降解性下降,Cu2 抑制了生物酶的活性,而且这种抑制作用不是线性的,可能存在"低剂量效应".     

医用镁及镁合金表面可生物降解有机高分子涂层的应用

近年来,镁及镁合金由于其生物可降解性和良好的生物相容性,在医疗器械领域的应用获得了迅速的发展,然而过快的降解速率限制了其在临床上的应用。可生物降解有机高分子涂层是一种降低镁及镁合金降解速率的有效表面改性方法,同时还可赋予镁及镁合金医疗器械多种功能性。首先综述了可降解有机高分子涂层对镁及镁合金耐腐蚀性能和生物相容性的影响。可降解聚合物涂层能阻碍腐蚀性介质与基体的接触,从而延长其降解时间。而涂层对基体的保护提供了碱性较弱的环境,更利于细胞的生长增殖;同时涂层随着基体一起降解,可降低聚合物长期存在生物体内可能引发炎症反应的风险。此外,对聚合物涂层在骨科以及心血管支架领域的应用以及进展进行了综述。一方面,可降解聚合物涂层能显著延长镁及镁合金在生物体内的作用时间;另一方面,涂层可以作为载体材料通过携带具有不同功能的试剂或者药物实现医疗器械的功能化,如促进骨愈合和药物的可控释放。因此,可降解聚合物涂层在镁和镁合金器械领域必将起到无可替代的作用。     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯的研究进展

综述了脂肪族聚酯类可降解生物材料聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)的研究进展,重点对PBS的制备方法、改性、产业化等方面进行了探讨,指出PBS产业存在的问题及今后的研究重点。     

煤气废水有机污染物缺氧生物降解性能及机理

为考察煤制气废水3种典型有机污染物(喹啉、吡啶、邻苯二酚)的缺氧生物降解性能及降解途径,利用缺氧驯化污泥作为接种污泥,以硝态氮为电子受体,考察了3种有机物的缺氧降解过程,并利用UV-Vis和GC/MS分析3种物质缺氧降解机理.结果表明:3种污染物对缺氧微生物抑制与毒害作用随初始质量浓度增加而增强;缺氧降解48 h后,剩余底物质量浓度随初始质量浓度增加而增大;3种污染物缺氧生物降解速率常数大小顺序为吡啶邻苯二酚喹啉.缺氧降解中污染物未被完全氧化成CO2和H2O,部分生成了较底物自身降解性更差的中间产物.葡萄糖共基质可以提高难降解污染物缺氧降解性能,且共代谢作用对自身生物降解性差的污染物降解性能的提高更显著.利用UV-Vis和GC/MS分析了污染物缺氧生物降解途径,结果表明,喹啉和吡啶的降解均始于分子羟基化反应.污染物定量结构-生物降解性关系(QSBR)研究表明,3种物质的缺氧降解速率常数Ks与分子连接性指数1Xv和前线最高占据轨道能EHOMO有很好的相关性.     

Ultrasonic pre‐treatment of biological sludge: consequences for disintegration,anaerobic biodegradability,and filterability

BACKGROUND: Disintegration was developed as a pretreatment process for sludge to accelerate the digestion processes. Ultrasonic treatment may be a good alternative for sludge disintegration. In this study, different specific energy inputs ranged between 0 and 15 880 kJ kg^?1 and very low ultrasonic densities ranged between 0.04 and 0.1 W mL^?1 were applied to biological sludge for disintegration purposes. The potential for improving anaerobic digestion through ultrasonic pre‐treatment and the effect of ultrasonic pre‐treatment on the filterability characteristics of sludge were also investigated. RESULTS: 9690 kJ kg^?1 TS of supplied energy and very low power density of 0.09 Wm L^?1 are efficient for floc disintegration. For 9690 kJ kg^?1 TS, 44% higher methane production was achieved than with raw sludge as a result of biochemical methane potential assay. The supernatant characteristics of the sludge were also affected by the ultrasonic pre‐treatment. For 9690 kJ kg^?1 TS, the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the sludge supernatant increased by 340%, 860%, 716%, and 207.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonic pre‐treatment is an effective method for biological sludge disintegration even at very low ultrasonic density levels. It leads to increased anaerobic biodegradability but deteriorates the filterability characteristics of biological sludge. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

硼硅酸盐生物玻璃的制备及其体外生物活性和降解性

采用熔融法制备了NaO-CaO-SiO2-P2O5-B2O3玻璃,用质量损失分析、pH值测定和X射线衍射、电子显微镜以及电感耦合等离子体离子浓度分析法表征玻璃与稀K2HPO4溶液的类生物反应,研究了这类玻璃的生物活性和生物降解性.结果表明:当玻璃中B2O3/SiO2的摩尔比为3:1时,生物活性较好.随着B2O3与SiO2的摩尔比减小,玻璃的降解速度变慢,获得的羟基磷灰石结晶度较低.利用此特性可控制生物玻璃的降解速度,从而与骨细胞生长速度相匹配.因此,此类硼硅酸盐生物活性玻璃有望在硬组织工程支架材料中得到应用.