环保型钻井液应用分析与发展方向

论述了废弃钻井液日趋严峻的环境污染问题和近年来环保型钻井液的研究及应用进展情况,其中包括白油钻井液、烷基葡萄糖苷钻井液、硅酸盐钻井液、合成基钻井液和聚合醇钻井液,且对这些钻井液的作用机理、适用性和环保性能进行了分析,并简述了几种近年来开发的环保型钻井液处理剂。最后指出目前环保性钻井液技术存在的问题及未来的发展方向。     

蓖麻油在润滑领域中的应用

蓖麻油具有良好的生物降解性能和抗氧化性能.简要介绍了蓖麻油在润滑领域中的应用情况.     

三维多孔生物可降解聚合物人工食管支架的结构与力学性能

为满足人工食管支架对材料结构与力学性能的要求,以聚乳酸(PLA)和聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)为原材料、圆柱形聚四氟乙烯为模板、氯化钠为致孔剂,制备了三维多孔生物可降解聚合物人工食管支架,并对食管支架的形貌、微观结构及其力学性能进行表征。结果表明:制备的PLA和PLGA人工食管支架具有三维多孔结构,经乙醇处理后,食管支架的长度、管径和孔隙率均有一定程度的降低。PLA和PLGA三维多孔食管支架的微观结构为无定型结构,乙醇处理在一定程度上提升了2种食管支架的结晶度。PLA和PLGA食管支架的断裂强度和缝合强力分别为(2.68±0.46) MPa、(3.68±0.98) N和(1.53±0.21) MPa、(2.21±0.65) N,乙醇处理后,2种食管支架的拉伸强度和缝合强力均有一定程度提升。2种食管支架的缝合强力均超过了食管支架移植时支架所能承受的缝合强力。     

Plant‐oil‐based lubricants and hydraulic fluids

It is estimated that, at present, approximately 50% of all lubricants sold worldwide end up in the environment via total loss applications, volatility, spills or accidents. More than 95% of these materials are currently mineral oil based. In view of their high ecotoxicity and low biodegradability, mineral oil‐based lubricants constitute a considerable threat to the environment. In contrast, most lubricants and hydraulic fluids based on plant oils are rapidly and completely biodegradable and are of low ecotoxicity; moreover, lubricants based on plant oils display excellent tribological properties and generally have very high viscosity indices and flashpoints. However, in order to compete with mineral‐oil‐based products, some of their inherent disadvantages must be corrected, such as their sensitivity to hydrolysis and oxidative attack, and their behaviour at low temperatures. Various methods to improve the undesirable properties of native plant oils will be discussed. In parallel, government regulations that encourage or enforce the use of bio‐based fluids, at least in ecologically sensitive areas, will help to increase their market share. Using the numerous possibilities for selective breeding and/or chemical improvement of the double bond systems of natural fatty acids by increased R&D, the major obstacles regarding the use of plant‐based raw materials for the production of lubricant base fluids can be overcome and bio‐based fluids should expect a future with increasing market shares. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

多功能环保型缓蚀阻垢剂的研制及性能研究

以PASP为研究基础,将PASP、衣康酸均聚物、葡萄糖酸钠和表面活性剂FFA按一定比例复配成多元无磷复合水处理剂,并对其缓蚀、阻垢分散和生物降解性能进行了评定.研究表明,复合的四元水处理药剂各成分之间的协同增效作用使得该药剂对碳钢的缓蚀率达96.96%.动态模拟试验和分散氧化铁试验结果表明,四元复合水处理药剂的阻垢分散...     

臭氧氧化法预处理焦化废水的试验研究

为了提高焦化废水的可生化性,对焦化废水进行了臭氧氧化预处理的试验研究.结果表明:当废水初始pH值为9,气水反应时间为3 min,臭氧投加量为30 mg/L时,废水m(BOD5)/m(CODCr)值由原水的0.068提高到0.281.臭氧用于焦化废水的预处理是可行的,有利于焦化废水的后续生化处理.     

Early development of a biodegradable energetic elastomer

The expected depletion of oil resources and a greater awareness for the environmental impact of plastic products have created a strong interest toward energetic polymers that are not only biodegradable but also obtainable from renewable resources. In this work, a copoly(ester/ether) was synthesized from polyepichlorohydrin and sebacoyl chloride using pyridine as a Lewis‐base catalyst. The chlorinated polymer was azidified with NaN₃ in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. The success of the reaction was confirmed by ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Two types of polyurethane networks were synthesized from the nonenergetic and the energetic copolymers, adding polycaprolactone triol and using L ‐lysine diisocyanate as a nontoxic curing agent. The two resulting polyurethanes were soft thermoset elastomers. The polyurethanes were chemically and mechanically characterized, and their biodegradability was evaluated in compost at 55°C. The nonenergetic and the energetic polyurethanes showed a glass‐transition temperature of −14°C, and −23°C, respectively. The weight loss of the polyurethanes during the composting experiments was monitored. It increased almost linearly with time for both materials. After 20 days, the nonenergetic samples lost about 50% of their mass because of the biodegradation mechanism. Instead, the energetic elastomers lost only about 25% of their initial mass after 25 days. The experimental results revealed that the azide pendant group in the soft segment (the polyether segments) is the main factor that controls the physical, mechanical, and degradation properties of these polyurethane networks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Effect of amphiphilic phosphate/octenylsuccinate starch on enhancing adhesion to hydrophobic polyester fibers in sizing

Amphiphilic starch at different degree of substitution (DS) was prepared by phosphorylation and octenylsuccinylation of acid-thinned starch with sodium tripolyphosphate and 2-octenylsuccinic anhydride, respectively for improving the adhesion of starch to polyester fibers. Various assessment of starch such as ¹H NMR and FTIR analysis, apparent viscosity, starch clarity, adhesion to polyester fiber, desizing efficiency and biodegradability were conducted. The ¹H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy revealed that octenylsuccinate and phosphate substituents have been attached to the molecular chain of starch. Also, the apparent viscosity, paste clarity, desizing efficiency and biodegradability of the amphiphilic starch increased as the DS of phosphate increased. It was observed that the amphiphilic starch was an effective method for stronger adhesion unto polyester fibers but reduced at the highest DS of phosphate due to excessive hydrophilicity. As compared to acid-thinned starch, the stronger adhesion of the amphiphilic starch was attributed to the steric hindrance caused by the two substituents on starch and the good dispersibility impacted by the phosphate substituents on starch. Conclusively, the strongest adhesion on polyester fibers, good paste clarity, good desizing efficiency and enhanced biodegradability of starch were attained at phosphate and octenylsuccinate DS ratio of 0.031/0.014.     

环境友好型多功能海水缓蚀剂的研制及性能研究

为同时解决碳钢与铜材在海水中的腐蚀问题,将聚天冬氨酸、苯并三唑等5种原料按一定的质量比复配成多功能海水缓蚀剂。利用失重法和电化学法研究了海水缓蚀剂在海水中对A3碳钢及H62黄铜的缓蚀性能。结果表明,当海水缓蚀剂用量为150 mg/L时,对碳钢与黄铜在海水中的腐蚀均有良好的抑制作用,碳钢缓蚀率达到95.17%,黄铜缓蚀率达到93.67%。该海水缓蚀剂具有优良的生物降解性能,28 d后生物降解率达到82.6%。     

铁炭微电解-Fenton氧化-生物接触氧化组合工艺处理石化废水

采用铁炭微电解-Fenton氧化-生物接触氧化组合工艺处理石化废水,考察了不同因素对各单元废水处理效果的影响。结果表明:当铁炭质量比为1.5∶1,pH值为4.0,HRT为120min时,铁炭微电解单元出水CODCr的质量浓度为420mg/L,单级CODCr去除率为67.57%,出水m(BOD5)/m(CODCr)值由0.02⁰.03升高至0.30;当H2O2投加量为3.0mL/L,pH值为3.5,反应时间为60min时,Fenton氧化单元出水CODCr的质量浓度为130mg/L,单级CODCr的去除率为72.17%,出水m(BOD5)/m(CODCr)值由0.30进一步升高至0.58。经过预处理的出水再进行生物接触氧化处理,出水CODCr的质量浓度小于20mg/L。该组合工艺对CODCr的总去除率高达98.76%,表明物化预处理-生化法组合工艺对此类可生化性较差且组成复杂的石化废水具有比较理想的处理效果。