13C n.m.r. study of solvation mechanisms in the radiation-induced polymerization of vinyl ethers

A ¹³C n.m.r. study of the microstructure of ethyl vinyl ether (EVE) and isopropyl vinyl ether (IPVE) polymers prepared under various experimental conditions and using chemical or γ-ray initiation has been made. Long stereo-sequence assignments were conducted for poly EVE allowing determination of the configurational statistic of propagation in the radiation-induced polymerization of EVE in low polar solvents. Stereo-sequence intensities are found in good agreement with the Markovian model. The results are considered as further support for the occurence of a specific interaction between the growing active centres and the polymer chains. In the case of IPVE polymers much more important overlappings of the resonance patterns are observed thus preventing any similar detailed study.     

Adsorption of hexavalent chromium on cationic starches with different degree of crosslinking

The influence of the degree of crosslinking in the association with the degree of cationization on the adsorption of Cr(VI) by crosslinked cationic starches (CCS) was examined. The amount of adsorbed Cr(VI) depends on the preparation of CCS before adsorption experiments (dry or preswollen CCS) and has a higher value when dry CCS are used. The amount of crosslinks in CCS needed to reach the maximum effectiveness of the cationic groups of CCS in the binding of Cr(VI) depends also on the form in which CCS are used. The adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) decreases both with dry and preswollen CCS when the adsorption temperature increases. The thermodynamic parameters are calculated. The negative values of ΔG° and ΔH° indicated that the adsorption process in both cases was spontaneous and exothermic. If preswollen CCS is used, the entropy change has a positive value and indicates that the randomness of the system increases, whereas the negative value of entropy change when Cr(VI) species are adsorbed by dry CCS shows that in this case the order of the system increases like in the classical adsorption process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

季铵基阳离子型聚酰胺的制备

以己二酸、二乙烯三胺、尿素和环氧氯丙烷为原料,用熔融法合成出季铵烷基阳离子型聚酰胺。研究了反应温度、反应时间对产物酸值、胺值和阳离子度的影响。聚酰胺预聚体在170℃反应150 m in,所得产物的酸值为37.2%;脱氨化反应在125℃时反应8 h所得产物的胺值为32.3%;交联反应在70℃时反应70 m in所得产物的阳离子度为50.8%。测定了产品表观黏度为900~1 500 mPa.s,pH=6~8,w(固体分)=65%±1%,用凝固点降低法测得聚合物的数均相对分子质量为1.55×104,并对聚合产物结构进行了红外和核磁表征。实验产物较市售产品固含量与表观黏度都有所增加,并且完全溶于水。     

阳离子聚合物复合膨润土对活性染料染色废液的脱色效果初探

用2种阳离子聚合物复合膨润土来对活性染料染色后的废液进行脱色,用分光光度法测定脱色率,研究了复合膨润土中阳离子聚合物的含量、活性染料废液的pH值、温度对脱色效果的影响。结果表明：GTA复合膨润土中GTA质量百分数为30％,DMA复合膨润土中DMA的质量百分数为40％时,对活性染料染色废液的脱色率最大;中性或者偏碱性的条件比较适合两种阳离子聚合物复合膨润土对活性染料废液的脱色;DMA复合膨润土在活性染料废液温度为40℃时脱色效果最好,而GTA复合膨润土在50℃时脱色效果最好。     

彩色喷墨打印夜光纸性能研究

研究了发光粉的种类、用量以及阳离子固色剂的用量对打印夜光纸性能的影响．结果表明：天蓝色发光粉的成纸性能优于黄绿色和蓝绿色发光粉的成纸性能,但是由于天蓝色发光粉的发光强度低、余辉时间短而不考虑使用;发光粉的用量20％为宜;随着阳离子固色剂用量的增加,打印性能得到提高,但是需要控制用量,阳离子固色剂适宜用量为5％．喷墨打印夜光纸不仅能在暗处发光,而且具有喷墨打印的特性,因此它必将展现出广阔的市场前景和发展潜力．     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺的反相乳液聚合的研究

采用反相乳液聚合方法,在氧化—还原引发体系下,制备二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)/丙烯酰胺(AM)阳离子型共聚物.利用单因素实验分别研究了乳化剂种类、配比、分散介质对体系稳定性的影响,研究了油水体积比、单体配比、单体浓度、反应时间和反应温度等因素对共聚产物的相对分子质量的影响,确定了最佳反应条件.并探讨了相关因素对絮凝性能的影响.     

HPLC analysis of quaternary ammonium surfactants with the evaporative light scattering detector

A normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography technique has been elaborated for the separation of quaternary ammonium surfactants. The separation was achieved on a bonded polyphenol silica gel column with gradient elution and evaporative light-scattering (ELS) detection. The proposed method has been applied to the quantitative determination of low levels of monoalkyltrimethylammonium and trialkylmethylammonium chlorides in dialkyldimethylammonium chloride.     

Formulating middle-phase microemulsions using mixed anionic and cationic surfactant systems

Although mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants can show great synergism, their potential to precipitate and form liquid crystals has limited their use. Previous studies have shown that alcohol addition can prevent liquid crystal formation, thereby allowing formation of middle-phase microemulsions with mixed anionic-cationic systems. This research investigates the role of surfactant selection in designing alcohol-free anionic-cationic microemulsions. Microemulsion phase behavior was studied for three anionic-cationic surfactant systems and three oils of widely varying hydrophobicity [trichloroethylene (TCE), hexane, and n-hexadecane]. Consistent with our hypothesis, using a branched surfactant and surfactants with varying tail length allowed us to form alcohol-free middle-phase microemulsion using mixed anionic-cationic systems (i.e., liquid crystals did not form). The anionic to cationic molar ratio required to form middle-phase microemulsions approached 1∶1 for univalent surfactants as oil hydrophobicity increased (i.e., TCE to hexane to n-hexadecane); even for these equimolar systems, liquid crystal formation was avoided. To test the use of these anionic-cationic surfactant mixtures in surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation, we performed soil column studies: Greater than 95% of the oil was extracted in 2.5 pore volumes using an anionic-rich surfactant system. By contrast, cationic-rich systems performed very poorly (<1% oil removal), reflecting significant losses of the cationic-rich surfactant system in the porous media. The results thus suggest that, when properly designed, anionic-rich mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants can be efficient for environmental remediation. By corollary, other industrial applications and consumer products should also find these mixtures advantageous.     

正负离子表面活性剂相互作用的理论和实验研究

Typical cationic and anionic surfactants were chosen and their interactions were calculated by quantumchemical method. Interaction energies are -0.2378kJ·mol~(-1),-3.3394kJ·mol~(-1) and 0.1204kJ·mol~(-1) for the molec-ular pairs with fluocarbon and hydrocarbon chain: C_4H_(10)/C_5H_(12), C_4F_(10)/C_5H_(12), and C_4F_(10)/C_5F_(12), respectively.When hydrophilic group with cationic and anionicions is introduced, interaction energies are -287.40kJ·mol~(-1),-311.18kJ·mol~(-1) and -345.83kJ·mol~(-1). The results show that there is strong static interaction between cationicand anionic surfactants. It has been predicted that mixed monolayer may be formed and surface activity is en-hanced favorably, especially for mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants with fluocarbon and hydrocarbonchains. The anionic surfactants, sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate perfluopolyetherbenzenesulonate(ANF-Ⅰ)wassynthesized, mixture effects of ANF-Ⅰ with sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate or dodecyldimethyl benzylammonium