Fate of nitrogen fertilizer applied to lowland rice on a Sulfic Tropaquept

A field experiment was conducted on an acid sulfate soil in Thailand to determine the effect of N fertilization practices on the fate of fertilizer-N and yield of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). A delayed broadcast application of ammonium phosphate sulfate (16-20-0) or urea was compared with basal incorporation of urea, deep placement of urea as urea supergranules (USG), and amendment of urea with a urease inhibitor. Deep placement of urea as USG significantly reduced floodwater urea- and ammoniacal-N concentrations following N application but did not reduce N loss, as determined from an¹⁵N balance, in this experiment where runoff loss was prevented. The urease inhibitor, phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD), had little effect on floodwater urea- and ammoniacal-N, and it did not reduce N loss. The floodwater pH never exceeded 4.5 in the 7 days following the first N applications, and application of 16-20-0 reduced floodwater pH by 0.1 to 0.3 units below the no-N control. The low floodwater pH indicated that ammonia volatilization was unimportant for all the N fertilization practices. Floodwater ammoniacal-N concentrations following application of urea or 16-20-0 were greater on this Sulfic Tropaquept than on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll with near neutral pH and alkaline floodwater. The prolonged, high floodwater N concentrations on this Sulfic Tropaquept suggested that runoff loss of applied N might be a potentially serious problem when heavy rainfall or poor water control follow N fertilization. The unaccounted-for¹⁵N in the¹⁵N balances, which presumably represented gaseous N losses, ranged from 20 to 26% of the applied N and was unaffected by urea fertilization practice. Grain yield and N uptake were significantly increased with applied N, but grain yield was not significantly affected by urea fertilization practice. Yield was significantly lower (P = 0.05) for 16-20-0 than for urea; however, this difference in yield might be due to later application of P and hence delayed availability of P in the 16-20-0 treatment.     

Available nitrogen in soils and its determination by the ‘Nmin-method’ and by electroultrafiltration (EUF)

Excess nitrogen fertilizer rates are an environmental hazard. To avoid excess rates, the level of available nitrogen in the soil must be known and considered for assessing the nitrogen fertilizer rate. In arable soils nitrate and exchangeable ammonium in the rooting depth of a crop are directly available to plant roots. These two nitrogen forms are recovered with the Nmin method and they are considered in assessing the nitrogen fertilizer rate for arable crops.Besides nitrate and ammonium recovered by the Nmin method from soil samples taken in early spring, a considerable amount of organic soil nitrogen may be mineralized during the growth period and contribute to crop nutrition. The nitrogen mineralization potential can be determined in incubation tests. The absolute quantities of mineralized nitrogen thus obtained, however, are much higher than the mineralization rates under field conditions. It is for this reason that incubation tests have not obtained a major importance for assessing nitrogen fertilizer rates.With the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method nitrate, ammonium, and a minor portion of organic soil nitrogen are extracted from a soil suspension. There is experimental evidence that this organic nitrogen (=Norg) is easily mineralizable. Based on field experiments with cereals and maize formulae were established by which the nitrogen fertilizer rate can be calculated. In these formulae nitrate, ammonium and organic nitrogen extracted by EUF are considered.Advantages and drawbacks of the Nmin method and EUF method are discussed.     

地源热泵土壤热物性测试与分析

运用恒热流测试原理自主研发了岩土热物性测试仪,通过现场测试的方法,调整加热管的加热功率、埋管中循环水流量、埋管进出口水温随时间变化规律,利用线热源理论确定了地下岩土的热物性参数。实验表明,土壤初始温度的测量精度对于提高土壤的导热系数是至关重要的,在未扰动的土壤温度以及给定PE管材的条件下,测试时间为50小时左右时,土壤导热系数逐渐趋于稳定,收敛于3.109 W/(m.℃),整个测试过程平均导热系数为3.489W/(m.℃),该结果为地源热泵系统的准确设计提供了依据。     

复合土钉支护技术在深基坑中的应用

该基坑工程地质上存在的主要问题是上层为杂填土和呈流塑态的淤泥,自稳能力极差,还受现场施工条件以及经济因素的限制。本基坑采用的支护方案为:I选用段顶部放坡+粉喷桩+土层锚杆;Ⅱ、Ⅲ段选用喷锚支护。竣工后期的变形监测数据表明该支护方案的选择是成功的。     

非饱和膨胀土水分迁移的试验研究

在等温条件下,分组对不同初始干-湿段土体含水量、不同时间间隔对非饱和膨胀土的气态水迁移和气液态水混合迁移的规律及其关系进行试验研究,揭示了其随时间的变化过程。试验结果表明,土质情况、含水量水平及含水量梯度对其有重要影响,气态水迁移量与气液混合迁移量都随含水量梯度增加而增加,与时间和位置呈复杂的非线性关系;含水量较小时,土粒对水分的吸附能力较强,致使含水量梯度较大,含水量较大时,土粒周围自由水较多,水分分布较均匀。     

安县晓坝镇震后新建场址主要岩土工程问题及对策

安县晓坝镇处于＂5.12＂汶川大地震极重灾区,受灾严重,不具备重建条件,需选址重建。在野外详细调查的基础上,通过现场勘查和室内试验,深入研究了晓坝镇灾后新建场址的主要岩土工程问题。研究表明,新建场址主要土层为粉质粘土和淤泥质土,属高压缩性软弱土;地下水埋深浅,对基础施工和地基土承载力影响大;建筑场地类别Ⅱ类,属抗震不利地段。提出了深层水泥土搅拌法和换填地基两种软基处理方案,以及加强地基基础抗震设计等措施。     

确定土壤背景值的Hazen概率法——以铜陵矿区Pb为例

本文选取已知土壤背景含量的铜陵矿区,基于Hazen概率曲线,探讨了土壤污染重金属元素Pb背景含量与污染叠加含量的区分方法.得到Pb元素的背景含量为28.5μg/g,与该区深层土壤样中Pb元素含量的平均值(34μg/g)比较接近.还得到了Pb元素污染叠加含量与背景含量的界线点51μg/g.基于Hazen概率曲线区分铜陵矿区土壤Pb元素背景含量与污染叠加含量的方法是有效的,有必要将该方法推广到土壤中其它重金属污染元素、其它地区作进一步研究.     

Inhibitory effect of Cr（Ⅵ） on activities of soil enzymes

To evaluate the influence of various Cr(VI) concentrations (0.05, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 g/kg) on the activity of soil enzymes, the activities of catalase, polyphenol oxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase in soils were investigated in the incubation experiment with a period of 35 d. The results indicate that all the tested Cr(VI) concentrations significantly inhibit dehydrogenase activity by over 70% after 35 d. The activity of alkaline phosphatase is slightly inhibited during the whole experiment except for on the day 7. Cr(VI) has no obvious effect on the activity of catalase in soil. On the contrary, Cr(VI) stimulates the activity of polyphenol oxidase. The results suggest that dehydrogenase activity can be used as an indicator for assessing the severity of chromium pollution. Foundation item: Projects(2006AA06Z374, 2007AA021304) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China; Project(2008SK2007) supported by the Key Program of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, China     

桂柳高速公路两侧土壤重金属分布特征

选择桂柳高速公路上的4个调查剖面和1个对照剖面测试了公路两侧农田土壤中Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的含量分布。结果表明,公路交通对路两侧土壤重金属含量有一定的影响,运行期较长的对照路段桂黄公路两侧土壤中的Pb、Cd和As的含量明显高于运营期较短的桂柳高速公路段,而Cr、Hg与公路运行期长短的关系不是非常密切;重金属含量在横向上都有随距路肩距离的减小而增大的趋势,Pb、Cd在路肩两侧200m范围内含量的变化较小。以广西水稻土土壤背景值为评级标准,采用单因子指数法评价了路侧土壤的环境质量：所测路段和剖面的Cd、Hg污染均较严重;Cr基本上还处在非污染水平;桂黄公路段Pb的污染指数高于高速公路段。     

基于改进一次二阶矩法的砂土液化判别方法

通过对改进一次二阶矩可靠性分析方法进行研究,提出了一种基于标准贯入击数极限状态方程的地震液化可靠度评估方法,并用Matlab 7．0编制了相应的地震液化概率判别程序。用该可靠性分析方法对1976年河北唐山大地震的资料进行了液化概率分析,并与实测值和规范判别法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：该方法具有可行性和精确性,为砂土液化势评估提供了一种有效的新方法。