Hydrogen energy from coupled waste gasification and cement production—a thermochemical concept study

A plant concept for hydrogen production from waste gasification coupled with cement manufacturing is presented. Hot precalcined cement meal, from the operating cement process, is used as heat carrier to provide energy required by the parallel arranged gasifier. The amount of CaO present in the cement meal operates simultaneously as an effective in situ _CO2${\mathrm{CO}}_2$-sorbent. First, a practical case study was devised to be able to perform simulations for estimation of expected hydrogen yield. The influence of different operation parameters of the gasifier and the hydrogen separation unit (steam-to-fuel ratio, pyrolysis temperature, PSA efficiency) was studied based on chemical equilibrium calculations. The simulation results indicate, that the coupling provides advantages for both processes. The production of a hydrogen-rich gas via thermal gasification benefits from the continuously available fresh CaO, which improves fuel conversion reactions and captures _CO2${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ in situ. High-calorific streams from gasification process remaining after hydrogen separation may substitute fossil fuels needed for cement process. For a steam/fuel ratio of 0.3 and a PSA efficiency of 0.7, the calculated hydrogen energy yield is 46% of fuel energy input.     

Degradation of polymer electrolyte membranes

One of the predominant failure modes of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is the degradation of the PEM, especially when the fuel cell is used for transportation applications. Numerous studies have been carried out regarding this issue but many aspects of the degradation are not yet understood. This paper reviews the available literature regarding membrane degradation, and attempts to classify the degradation modes into three categories: mechanical, thermal and chemical/electrochemical. The factors that contribute to each mode are discussed, along with detailed mechanisms for some degradations. Some possible mitigation strategies are also explored.     

Combustion characteristics of a diesel engine operated with diesel and burning oil of biomass

In this study, burning oil of biomass (BOB) was derived from biomass corncob tar by distillation. The fuel BOB1 was extracted from biomass corncob tar by distilling temperature range from 110 to 220 °C, the fuel BOB2 was extracted from biomass corn tar by distilling temperature over 220 °C. This paper presents that the results in the physical characteristic of BOB as an alternative fuel and a comparative control experiences in unmodified diesel engine. Engine power performance, fuel consumption and emissions (CO₂, CO, HC and NO) have been studied. There was no significant difference in performance between diesel fuel and mixed fuel. The mixed fuel operation produced low fuel consumption at the various loading. Mixed fuel 1 (mixed 10% BOB1 with diesel by volume) and mixed fuel 2 (mixed 10% BOB2 with diesel by volume) with 11.7 and 6.6% oil-economizing rate, had better oil-economizing compare to diesel fuel respectively. The mixed fuel 1 and mixed fuel 2 showed significant improvement at CO₂ emissions.     

直列泵柴油机燃用二甲醚(DME)的燃烧排放特性分析

在一台增压直列泵柴油机进行了燃用柴油和二甲醚的试验,实测了缸内压力,并据此计算了燃烧放热率,对动力性及排放特性进行了对比分析。结果表明:发动机燃用二甲醚后,功率和扭矩都有所提升,选用9°CA和12°CA供油提前角时,在不同转速下的NOx排放均低于柴油;在全负荷情况下的最高燃烧压力和峰值放热率均低于柴油;二甲醚的喷油量是柴油的两倍,但二甲醚的燃烧速度高于柴油,所以二者的燃烧持续期相差不大;选用6孔的喷嘴比5孔喷嘴燃烧更加充分,但是较高的最高燃烧压力和燃烧放热律也使得NOx排放增加。     

重质塔河原油的减粘裂化工艺

塔河原油是一种劣质、重质原油,该原油通过减粘裂化装置加工可得半成品的轻油,还可以得到合格的燃料油。     

新型切割用燃气的工业应用概况

近年来,各种新型工业燃气已广泛应用于金属切割领域,本文介绍了各种新型工业燃气以及添加剂的应用概况,对其存在的问题及应用前景进行了展望。     

某联产系统燃机前燃料透平设计

主要进行了某向心透平的气动设计。作者优化了关键参数选择和一维计算方法,并提出了基础设计方案。采用TASCflow系列软件进行了三维流场分析与优化设计,得到了叶片数对效率的影响及最佳叶片数。计算结果表明,所设计的叶轮具有高的热效率和结构上的可行性。     

半焦与垃圾衍生燃料混烧的排放特性

在非均匀布风流化床中进行了半焦与垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的混合燃烧实验,研究了不同半焦混烧率对烟气组分的影响以及二者混烧的可行性与经济性．实验结果表明,随着半焦混烧率的增加,H2O（气态）、CO、HCl、NO及C3H6含量均呈下降趋势,而CO2、SO2含量则呈增加趋势．同时发现,在燃烧过程中增加C1元素含量,可以促进NO的生成．     

柴油机燃用掺水燃料的节油机理的定量分析

在分析了在内燃机中已雾化的油珠(20～30μm)不可能再发生二次雾化——微爆的基础上,通过计算、分析,回答了为什么此时柴油机仍能节油的问题。首先从理论上计算出其最大节油率在4％左右。它与我国和我们自己的实验值相当吻合。并提出了节油的三个主要原因。本文并未涉及微爆原理,而仅从多组份液体燃料蒸发的基本方程出发,就可定量地算得放热速率、燃尽速率以及它们随曲轴转角的变化,并与实验结果基本一致,不仅可以解释掺水燃烧节油的机理,还可以弄清掺水燃烧的降污机理。     

基于遗传算法的怠速工况最优模糊控制系统设计

结合小排量电喷发动机的结构特点，设计了怠速工况的模糊控制系统。利用遗传算法对模糊隶属度函数进行优化，根据优化参数得到最优模糊控制器。在发动机试验台上对基于经验参数的模糊控制系统和最优模糊控制系统怠速工况下转速变化进行了测试，绘制了速度输出曲线。研究表明，最优模糊控制系统具有较好的控制效果。