环己酮和甘油在碳基固体酸催化剂上的缩合反应

通过膨化淀粉和对甲基苯磺酸混合物的部分炭化制备碳基固体酸催化剂,用XRD、红外光谱、元素分析和热分析进行了表征,研究了碳基固体酸催化剂在环己酮甘油缩酮合成中的催化性能,考察环己酮与甘油摩尔比、催化剂用量和反应时间等因素的影响。XRD分析和酸碱电位滴定结果表明,膨化淀粉和对甲基苯磺酸混合物部分炭化生成含有高密度-SO3H基团的芳香碳薄层组成的无定形炭。在n（环己酮）∶n（甘油）为1∶1.2、催化剂的质量分数为10%、环己烷15mL和回流反应时间为120min的条件下,环己酮甘油缩酮的收率可达到99.2%。催化剂重复使用6次后,活性下降很小。     

笼型倍半硅氧烷(POSS)的研究新进展

介绍了倍半硅氧烷(POSS)的结构特点,并综述了POSS的研究进展。概述了国内外的合成方法及其应用。     

聚异丁烯磷酸酯的合成及性能研究

以高活性聚异丁烯（PIB）和苯酚为原料（C6H5OH）,三氟化硼乙醚为催化剂合成了聚异丁烯苯酚,然后加入P2O5对其进行酯化反应合成聚异丁烯磷酸酯。通过红外光谱（FT-IR）分别对合成的聚异丁烯苯酚和聚异丁烯磷酸酯进行了分析,结果表明产物为预期产物。通过差示扫描热分析（DSC）,表明聚异丁烯苯酚与高活性聚异丁烯相比具有较高的热稳定性。通过产物与大庆原油进行降凝效果的测定,证实聚异丁烯磷酸酯在大庆原油中的加入量为0.6%时降凝效果最好,降幅为9℃。     

Synthesis,characterization, and properties of silicone–epoxy resins

Silicone–epoxy (SiE) resins were synthesized through the hydrolytic condensation of 2‐(3,4‐epoxycyclohexylethyl) methyldiethoxysilane (EMDS) and the cohydrolytic condensation of EMDS with dimethyldiethoxysilane. Structural characterization was carried out by ¹H‐NMR, ²⁹Si‐NMR, and mass spectrometry analysis; the resins were linear oligomers bearing different numbers of pendant epoxy groups, and the average number of repeat Si O units ranged from 6 to 11. Methyhexahydrophthalic anhydride was used to cure the SiE resins to give glassy materials with high optical clarity. The cured SiE resins showed better thermal stability and higher thermal and UV resistances than a commercial light‐emitting diode package material (an epoxy resin named CEL‐2021P). The effect of the epoxy value on the thermal and mechanical properties and the thermal and UV aging performances of the cured SiE resins were investigated. The SiE resins became more flexible with decreasing epoxy value, and the resin with the moderate epoxy value had the highest thermal and UV resistances. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Untersuchungen zur heterogenen Kondensation von Wasserdampf in Membrankontaktoren

Heterogeneous condensation can contribute to improve the separation efficiency of airborne particles. Submicron particles can be separated due to inertial impaction when particle mass is previously enlarged sufficiently by water vapor condensation. This paper presents a novel, membrane‐based process for creating the requisite supersaturation for condensation. The increase of the particle size based on vapor condensation is detected by a new inline measuring technique.     

Synthesis of switchable amphipathic molecules triggered by CO2 through carbonyl‐amine condensation

Five long‐chain alkyl amidines were synthesized by condensation of N,N‐dimethylacetamide with octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, and hexadecylamine, respectively. Synthesis conditions including solvent, pH, temperature, and ratio of reactants were studied. The series of long‐chain alkyl amidine compounds reacted with dry ice to produce amidinium bicarbonates cationic amphipathic molecules. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and surface tension at cmc (γ_cmc) measured by drop volume method show that these amphipathic molecules have excellent surface activity. The changes of cationic content measured by two‐phase titration and conductivity before and after bubbling CO₂, show different properties between amidines and amidinium bicarbonates cationic amphipathic molecules. The switchable function of the amidinium bicarbonate cationic amphipathic molecule in emulsification and demulsification was studied. Practical applications : Our innovative work is synthesizing switchable amphipathic molecules, N′‐alkyl‐N,N‐dimethylacetamidines, by carbonyl‐amine condensation. Compared with a former way of synthesis, our work shows great potential advantages in industrial application. Our synthesis route is simpler with higher yield and is carried out at ambient temperature. Moreover, the products are environmentally friendly. Compared with traditional amphipathic molecules, our products, N′‐alkyl‐N,N‐dimethylacetamidines, show good switchable properties, which can be switched on and off, trigged by CO₂.This means these products can be reused for several times, which is significant for environmental protection.     

Influence of the counter-ion on the effective charge of polyacrylic acid in dilute condition

Osmotic pressure measurements were satisfactorily used to compute the effective charge of poly(acrylic) acid (PAA) at different pHs and with different monovalent and divalent counterions. This experimental method is sensitive to the osmotically active species (polymer and counterions). After correction for the polymer contribution to the total osmotic pressure (solvency and excluded volume), the remaining pressure can be attributed to the polyelectrolyte counterions and processed with Donnan and equation of state in order to compute the effective charge number per polymeric chain (Z^eff). The behavior of Z^eff against the chain concentration and pH was investigated after neutralization of PAA with LiOH, NaOH, and TMAOH. The results clearly indicate that the nature of the monovalent counterion has no effect on Z^eff leading to the conclusion that the interaction between monovalent counterions and the acrylate functionality is purely electrostatic in agreement with conductimetric and potentiometric results reported in the literature. The behavior of Z^eff against the degree of ionization of the polymer and its concentration is also in good agreement with the theoretical expectations of the theory of ionic condensation. Osmotic measurements were also used in order to understand the influence of divalent cations (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺) on Z^eff of the sodium salt of PAA at pH 9 and at different divalent/acrylate molar ratio. All the divalent cations depress Z^eff each of one at different degrees, confirming a specific divalent/polymer interaction. The energy of hydration of cations can explain most of the observed results with divalents.     

Poly(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)– poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymers

The hydrolytic condensation of 1,3‐dichloro‐1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane under neutral conditions produced α'ω‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane (polymerization degree ≈ 4). The homofunctional condensation of α'ω‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane in a toluene solution and in the presence of activated carbon was performed, and dihydroxy‐containing oligomers with various degrees of condensation were obtained. Through the heterofunctional condensation of dihydroxy‐containing oligomers with α'ω‐dichlorodimethylsiloxanes in the presence of amines, corresponding block copolymers were obtained. Gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical analysis, thermogravimetry, and wide‐angle roentgenography investigations were carried out. Differential scanning calorimetry and roentgenography studies of the block copolymers showed that their properties were determined by the ratio of the lengths of the flexible and linear poly(dimethylsiloxane) and rigid poly(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane) fragments in the macromolecular chain. At definite values of the lengths of the flexible and rigid fragments, a microheterogeneous structure was observed in the synthesized block copolymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1409–1417, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10335     

三维内微肋管内凝结流型分区及分层波状流换热关联式

引　言水平管内的受迫对流膜状凝结广泛用于化学工业及制冷与空调的冷凝设备中 .对于冷凝器的设计 ,确定管内膜状凝结换热系数是至关重要的 .众所周知 ,水平管内受迫对流凝结在流动方向汽液两相流动会出现不同的流型 ,对于不同的流型 ,对应的换热机理和换热系数也各不相同 .因此 ,首先需要区分管内受迫对流换热的流型 ,在此基础上再针对不同的流型对其凝结换热过程进行研究 .对于整个凝结换热过程 ,通常是根据汽液两相流在不同流型时的流动及换热特征将凝结过程划分为不同的流型区域 ,并得到相应的流型转变的判据 ,然后通过实验对不同的流型…     

聚合物表面性能对强化冷凝传热的影响

对离子束动态混合注入(DIMI)技术制备的黄铜、紫铜、不锈钢和碳钢管基聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)表面的冷凝传热实验发现,用不同加工条件制备的表面具有不同的化学组成、不均匀的表面状态以及不同的物理化学性质,从而导致不同的冷凝成滴面积和传热性能,而且表面加工条件对滴状冷凝传热的寿命有至关重要的作用,不同基体材料应有不同的最佳制备工艺条件.不同工艺条件下制备黄铜基PTFE表面水蒸气竖直管外冷凝传热通量比相应的膜状冷凝提高0.3-4.6倍,冷凝传热系数提高1.6-28.6倍.实验结果也表明冷凝表面基体材料对冷凝传热性能有一定的影响.