分子筛催化剂积炭失活行为探讨

反应过程中生成的重质副产物积炭堵塞孔道是造成酸性分子筛催化剂失活的主要因素.影响积炭的因素有催化剂的孔道结构、酸性以及操作条件.对分子筛催化剂积炭失活机理、积炭表征技术、影响因素和抑制措施进行了综述,并介绍了一种积炭分离方法,对分子筛催化剂积炭研究的发展趋势进行了分析.     

失活加氢裂化催化剂的研究

采用XRD、ESCA、FT-IR、TEM等技术对两种同类型工业运转失活的加氢裂化催化剂进行了表征。结果表明，碱性氮化物和积炭主要沉积在加氢裂化催化剂的L酸中心上，在B酸中心上积炭较少；引起催化剂失活的主要原因是积炭和有机硫、氮化合物覆盖催化剂的活性中心；导致再生催化剂比表面及酸性降低的主要原因是分子筛骨架坍塌。催化剂经长期使用后，活性金属发生聚集，晶粒长大，边角位活性中心数减少。     

用于SO2氧化的V2O5-K2SO4/硅藻土工业催化剂失活原因探讨

本文采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原（TPR）及BET法比表面测定和扫描电镜（SEM）等手段,对两批用于SO₂工业氧化的V₂O₅-K₂SO₄/硅藻土催化剂(A和B)的物相结构、催化活性和比表面等进行了对比研究,探讨了催化剂B在工业生产中快速失活的原因。     

Study of operating variables in the transformation of aqueous ethanol into hydrocarbons on an HZSM‐5 zeolite

With the aim of determining the possibilities of directly upgrading the liquid obtained from carbohydrate fermentation, the effect of operating conditions (temperature, space time, water content in the feed) has been studied in the catalytic transformation of aqueous ethanol into hydrocarbons on an HZSM‐5 zeolite in an isothermal fixed bed reactor. Special attention has been paid to the effect of water content on the yield, product distribution and catalyst deactivation. Although deactivation by coke decreases as the water content is increased, this content must be limited at 450 °C and higher temperatures in order to avoid irreversible deactivation of the catalyst by dealumination. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas over Calcined Ni–Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxides

The catalytic partial oxidation of CH₄ to syngas was carried out over an Ni–Mg/Al mixed-oxide catalyst prepared from layered double hydroxide-type precursors. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR, UV-DRS, XRF, BET and CHNS analysis. The effects of the catalyst composition and the calcination temperature on the catalytic performance and the extent of catalyst deactivation were investigated. Ni–Mg/Al oxide catalysts converted CH₄ into syngas efficiently with high selectivity. The catalyst performance was strongly related to the Ni particle size and the calcination temperature. The catalysts that were calcined at higher temperature exhibited a better catalytic performance. In conclusion, the NiAl₂O₄ spinel phase had a positive effect on the stability of the catalyst.     

Revised Model of Strain in Ceria–Zirconia-Encapsulated Precious-Metal Particles

A previously proposed model of strain in ceria–zirconia-encapsulated precious-metal particles is revised to reflect several new observations: encapsulation of unstrained Pt particles, quantitative relation between partial reduction and the change in ceria–zirconia cell parameters, temperature/time dependence of strain relaxation/imposition in encapsulated Pd and Rh particles, and strained PdO. According to the revised model, the main cause of strain is partial oxidation of the precious metal (rather than the change in oxygen content of ceria–zirconia, as originally suggested).     

ZnHZSM-5催化丙烷芳构化的失活动力学研究

在等温积分反应器中实验研究了由丙烷制取轻质芳烃BTX（苯、甲苯及二甲苯）的芳构化过程中，锌改性的HZSM－5催化剂的积炭失活对反应过程的影响，通过对常压、不同反应温度下的实验数据所进行的动力学分析，建立起了失活动力学模型，并通过拟合实验数据对模型做了筛选，最终确定了基于Langumir-Hinshelwood模型的反应速率方程和由独立失活机理推出的2级独立失活速率方程，该模型对深入了解轻烃芳构化反应及指导反应器设计均具有重要的意义。     

中变催化剂失活典型事例剖析

通过2起中变催化剂失活的事件，从理论上剖析其根源，并探讨防范的对策。     

微波辐射下氯代苯胺基吡咯亚胺类化合物的合成及其晶体结构

将2-乙酰基吡咯作为前驱体与取代位置不同的芳香胺:邻氯苯胺、间氯苯胺、对氯苯胺在微波辐射下反应时发现,当氯原子(钝化基团)处于苯环的间位及对位时,芳香胺与2-乙酰基吡咯可成功发生希夫碱缩合反应得到吡咯亚胺化合物Ⅰa和Ⅰb;而当氯原子处于苯环邻位时,二者不发生反应。Ⅰa和Ⅰb的结构经X射线单晶衍射,1HNMR、IR、MS和元素分析表征证实为预期化合物。X射线单晶衍射测定结果表明,Ⅰa属单斜晶系,空间群C2/C,晶体参数a=2.372 2(15)×10-9m,b=5.720(4)×10-10m,c=1.686 8(11)×10-9m,β=98.404(10)°,V=2.264(3)×10-27m3,Z=8,D c=1.283 g/cm3,R1=0.041 9,ωR2=0.119 5。Ⅰb属单斜晶系,空间群P21/C,晶胞参数a=1.332 3(3)×10-9m,b=9.802(2)×10-10m,c=9.107(2)×10-10m,β=109.212(4)°,V=1.123 1(4)×10-27m3,Z=4,D c=1.293 g/cm3,R1=0.047 2,ωR2=0.118 9。对芳香胺上钝化基团的位置对希夫碱缩合反应的影响也进行了初步探讨。     

ZSM-5沸石晶粒结焦失活过程的Monte-Carlo模拟研究

建立了ZSM－5分子筛催化剂晶粒的三维Monte-Carlo模拟体系,模拟了在该体系上对苯／乙烯烷基化制乙苯反应的结焦失活过程。模拟实验结果和催速失活实验结果吻合;模拟失活历程经历高水平活性稳定期、活性衰退期和低水平活性稳定期三个阶段,并用Monte-Carlo方法研究了酸性位比例,晶粒大小和苯烯比对活性稳定性的影响。