Toward multiple maximum power point estimation of photovoltaic systems based on semiconductor theory

Environmental conditions, such as temperature, non‐uniform irradiation, and solar shading, deeply affect the characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules in PV‐assisted generation systems. Several local maximum power points (MPPs) are found in the power–voltage curve of PV systems constructed by series/parallel‐connected PV modules under partially shaded conditions. The characteristics of PV systems change unpredictably when multiple MPPs occur, so the actual MPP tracking (MPPT) becomes a difficult task. Conventional MPPT methods for the PV systems under partially shaded conditions cannot quickly find the actual MPP such that the optimal utilization of PV systems cannot be achieved. Based on the p–n junction semiconductor theory, we develop a multipoint direct‐estimation (MPDE) method to directly estimate the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions and to cope with the mentioned difficulties. Using the proposed MPDE method, the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions can be directly determined from their irradiated current–voltage and power–voltage characteristic curves. The performances of the proposed MPDE method are evaluated by examining the characteristics of multiple MPPs of PV systems with respect to different shading strengths and numbers of the shaded PV modules and also tested using the field data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MPDE method can simply and accurately estimate the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions. The optimization of MPP control models and the MPPT for PV systems could be achieved promisingly by applying the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

主扇风机高效运行与稳健启动实现研究

高效运行与稳健启动,是对矿井主扇风机的两个基本要求。通过异步电机几种调速方式的对比,结合实例说明主扇风机采用的高压变频调速装置,具有优良的启动特性和调速性能,可实现风机特性曲线的合理变化,获得经济运行工况点,降低了能耗,实现了重载软启动,是先进的电气控制技术。     

中低温煤焦油模拟蒸馏曲线解析

利用Origin软件中的解析功能,将中低温煤焦油样品的模拟蒸馏曲线转化为类实沸点蒸馏曲线。类实沸点蒸馏曲线是模拟蒸馏曲线的导函数曲线,是沸点与相应沸点下物质含量的关系图,与实沸点蒸馏曲线类似。通过类实沸点蒸馏曲线可知,随着终温的升高,轻质组分减少,重油增加,沥青含量由30%左右逐渐增加到50%;在350~420℃类实沸点曲线皆出现波峰,波峰沸点物质含量随着煤样热解终温的升高而依次减少。中低温热解以解聚反应为主,高温高能量有利于高键能键的断裂,低温低能量有利于低键能键的断裂。     

Heat Treatment and Chemical Composition of Fatty Acids and Rosin Acids Mixtures: Effects on Their Thermal Properties and Morphology

Mixtures of fatty acids and rosin acids are industrially important products utilized as a raw material for several purposes. Their thermal properties, especially cold stability and crystallization behavior is also important. Several fatty acid and rosin acid mixtures both from industrial products and from commercially available fatty and rosin acids were prepared and treated for 30 min at 80 °C under an inert atmosphere. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to the desired temperature. Determination of the cloud point, chemical analysis of liquid and solid phase, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry as well as morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy were performed. The results revealed that crystallization was more rapid when it occurred at 10 °C compared to 25 °C. The crystal sizes increased with decreasing the crystallization temperature. Furthermore, crystals were of irregular shape and agglomerated when rapid cooling of the mixture occurred. Chemical analysis revealed that liquid phase was enriched with stearic acid, whereas crystals contained large amounts of abietic, dehydroabietic and linoleic acids. The cloud point of the mixtures increased with increasing amount of stearic and rosin acids. Dehydroabietic acid addition improved the cold stability of the synthetic fatty acid–rosin acids mixture.     

Role of activated carbon on micropollutans degradation by ionizing radiation

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the presence of activated carbon on the degradation of the triiodinated contrast medium diatrizoate (DTZ) by the simultaneous use of gamma radiation and activated carbon. Four commercial activated carbons (Ceca, Witco, Sorbo, and Merck) with different textural and chemical characteristics were used for this purpose. The percentage DTZ removal obtained was considerably higher with the gamma radiation/activated carbon (GM/AC) system than with radiolysis in the absence of activated carbon, and it depended on the specific activated carbon employed. First, we optimized the amount of activated carbon required to maximize the amount of DTZ removed by the GM/AC system (0.06 g). The degradation constants were higher with the GM/AC system than with radiolysis alone, evidencing a synergic effect that favors pollutant removal. This synergic effect is independent of the textural but not the chemical characteristics of the activated carbon, observing a higher synergic activity for carbons with a higher surface content of oxygen, specifically quinone groups. We also highlight that the synergic effect of the activated carbon requires adsorbent–adsorbate electrostatic interaction and is absent when this interaction is hindered.     

220t/h循环流化床锅炉温度测点布置及其仪表选型

结合某年产20万t乙二醇项目,分析220t/h高温高压低倍率循环流化床燃煤锅炉温度测点的布置。通过对比各种温度检测仪表的优、缺点,并分析温度测点处介质的特点,给出了安化220t/h循环流化床锅炉温度仪表的选型方案。     

Effect of Drying Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Dried Corn

The effect of drying air temperature on the mechanical properties of corn kernels was investigated. Corn was dried at drying temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70°C and air flow rate of 1.8 kg/min in a convective dryer. The kernels were then loaded uniaxially in a material testing machine at a loading rate of 3 mm/min, up to the rupture point. An increase in drying temperature from 40 to 70°C increased kernel deformation at the rupture point by an average of 12%. Moreover, values of force, stress, toughness, and modulus of elasticity of corn decreased on average by 21, 26, 36, and 38%, respectively.     

低凝重质原油电脱盐影响因素及操作工艺参数分析

针对辽河低凝重质原油具有黏度大、密度高、酸值高、胶质沥青质含量高等特点,根据多年来加工辽河低凝油运行电脱盐设备的生产实践经验,对原油电脱盐的影响因素和操作工艺参数进行分析总结,结果表明:原油密度为911.1~965.9 kg/m3、混合阀适宜压差为30~80 Pa、水溶性破乳剂用量为8~10μg/g、温度为135~140℃、压力控制在0.8~1.2 MPa、注水量取5%(体积分数)、电场强度为700~1000 V/cm、停留时间为2~3 min符合加工辽河低凝原油电脱盐技术标准要求。     

低闪点原油作发电机燃料油方案研究

低闪点的原油作主机燃料油存在重大的安全隐患,会影响主机的正常运行。为了避免低闪点原油带来的风险,需提高原油的闪点,目前提高闪点的方法主要有闪蒸法和蒸馏法,其中闪蒸法有能耗小、安全性高、处理效率高等优点。本文以南海某油田油品进行分析,经厂家调研及模拟分析得出运用闪蒸法能显著提高原油闪点,达到了主机燃料油对闪点的要求,解决了燃油外购的弊端,对类似油田的开发具有重大的借鉴意义。     

低灰熔点无烟煤煤焦与CO_2催化气化特性研究

利用碱金属碳酸盐作催化剂,对低灰熔点无烟煤煤焦与CO2的催化气化反应活性进行研究.结果表明,反应活性主要受温度、催化剂种类及担载量的影响,催化活性顺序为:K2CO3Na2CO3Li2CO3,煤焦的反应活性随着催化剂担载量的增加而提高;在反应过程中,催化剂与煤焦中的物质会发生一定程度的反应,生成不溶性盐;煤焦的比表面积会随着催化剂担载量的增大而减小,但催化活性反而增强,其主要受到催化剂提供的反应活性中心的影响.