近断层地震动下摇摆-自复位桥墩地震反应分析

为讨论摇摆-自复位（Rocking Self-Centering,RSC）桥墩在近断层地震动下的地震反应,基于OpenSees数值分析平台建立了RSC桥墩抗震分析模型。同时建立了普通钢筋混凝土（Reinforced Concrete,RC）桥墩,配置竖向无粘结预应力筋（Unbonded Prestressed Reinforced Concrete,PRC）桥墩的抗震分析模型作为对比。对各模型输入近断层地震动记录,进行增量动力分析。以墩顶最大位移角、残余位移角、预应力筋最大应力为考察目标,对比分析了不同墩高（剪跨比分别为2、4和6）、不同桥墩类型（RSC、RC和PRC桥墩）时各桥墩的地震反应。结果表明：随着耗能钢筋配筋率增加,RSC桥墩墩顶最大位移角和预应力筋最大应力均减小;RSC和PRC桥墩均可有效减少桥墩震后残余位移角。耗能钢筋配筋率与PRC桥墩纵筋配筋率接近的RSC桥墩,两者的最大墩顶位移角、残余位移角和预应力筋应力水平均接近。无论是RSC桥墩还是PRC桥墩,当剪跨比大于等于6.0时,易发生预应力筋失效。为避免预应力筋失效引起RSC桥墩产生过大的墩顶残余变形,RSC桥墩中耗能钢筋配筋率不宜低于0.75%。     

The periodic tableau: Form and colours in the first 100 years

While symbolic colour use has always played a conspicuous role in science research and education, the use of colour in historic diagrams remains a lacuna in the history of science. Investigating the colour use in diagrams often means uncovering a whole cosmology that is not otherwise explicit in the diagram itself. The periodic table is a salient and iconic example of non‐mimetic colour use in science. Andreas von Antropoff's (1924) rectangular table of recurrent rainbow colours is famous, as are Alcindo Flores Cabral's (1949) application of colour in his round snail form, using the RGB scheme, and Mazurs's (1967) pine tree system, consisting of warm and cold colours that he attributed to specific groups of elements—an attribution that we can relate back to humoralism and alchemy. From the first periodic tables in the 19th century, individual researchers have used different colour regimes. While standardization may play an obvious role in chemistry and its diagrams, all the more impressive is the anarchistic use of colour in the various diagrams which continue to be created. This article focuses on periodic tables in chemical journals and text books, and explores and compares the development of colour codes found in the few existing polychrome diagrams from the 1920s to the 1970s.     

作为一种史学范式的“新中国设计史”——中国设计史研究分期问题再讨论

以往的设计史研究常常将改革开放设定为新中国设计的起点。事实上,新中国成立之初这段时期内,我国形成了独特的设计管理体系和以美术公司、美术社等为代表的基层设计制度,在很大程度上都带有模式原创和制度创新色彩,其有别于西方,也不同于民国时期,成为后来中国设计自主化探索和主体性建设的逻辑起点,也将为中国设计史学科的发展引入新的增长点。只有在这种范式下,才能够区分二十世纪上半叶“西学东渐”和二十世纪下半叶“制度创新”这两个与艺术、设计息息相关的     

射频热等离子体制备球形氧化铝粉末的数值模拟及实验研究

研究粉末颗粒在热等离子体(ICTP)中的行为可以为射频等离子体制备球形粉末工艺过程的优化提供参考。首先, 利用FLUENT软件对具有不同粒径分布的氧化铝粉末颗粒在射频热等离子体中的运动轨迹及加热历程进行了数值模拟; 然后, 根据模拟结果所确定的实验参数范围进行了射频热等离子体粉末球化实验, 并将实验测量与数值模拟的结果相结合, 研究了输入功率、送粉速率等参数的改变对具有不同粒径分布的氧化铝粉末球化效果的影响。研究结果表明: 粒径较小的氧化铝粉末颗粒在飞行过程中可以从等离子体内吸收更多的热量, 因此能够被充分加热至完全熔化; 增加系统输入功率、降低送粉速率均能提高单位质量的颗粒从等离子体中获得的能量, 从而在一定程度上提升氧化铝粉末的球化率。     

Chinese state and society in epidemic governance: A historical perspective

This paper looks at the role of state and society in the history of epidemic governance in China for an appreciation of the way China manages the current COVID-19 epidemic.     

黏滞阻尼器-基础隔震混合体系优化研究

针对隔震层设置黏滞阻尼器的基础隔震结构,提出了非支配排序遗传算法-Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)的黏滞阻尼器的参数多目标优化方法。采用Bouc-Wen模型模拟隔震层的力-变形行为,建立受控结构运动方程,并进行非线性时程分析,选用隔震层位移及上部结构顶部相对隔震层位移为优化目标,采用NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法优化得Pareto最优前沿解集。以某六层基础隔震结构为例进行数值分析,通过分析隔震层振动响应的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)谱及反应谱,以及通过调整优化目标的约束条件及参数的优化范围,利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法获得了较为集中的阻尼器参数分布,然后通过其它地震波验证了黏滞阻尼器的减震效果。结果表明,优化所得阻尼器能有效减少了隔震层的位移;当优化所得阻尼器对上部结构地震响应不利时,可通过降低阻尼器的减震效果使上部结构地震响应控制在合理范围内;不同地震波作用下阻尼器减震效果存在差异,在第一周期范围内,当隔震层的激励频率趋向低频时,阻尼器对隔震层位移控制效果越好;阻尼器减震效果与隔震层的附加阻尼有关,提供过大的附加阻尼比对上部结构较高阶动力反应不利;设计者基于隔震层位移控制的阀值及缩小的阻尼器参数优化范围,可获得应用于实际工程的阻尼器参数。     

Itinerarium Wittichi ex Calendarium Sculteti: New biographical evidence on the Breslau mathematician Paul Wittich (ca. 1546–ca. 1587)

In the present paper, I present and discuss some new information about the life of Paul Wittich from Wrocław, Poland (formerly Breslau, Germany), an elusive mathematician and astronomer of the late 16th century. Wittich seems to have played a significant role in the emergence of two important, though short-lived, developments of late 16th-century science: the so-called prosthaphaeresis calculating method, and the geoheliocentric model of the universe usually attributed to Tycho Brahe. His role in both achievements, however, has not been sufficiently explained so far, and it is my belief that one of the main obstacles to that endeavor has been our scarce knowledge about the details of Wittich's life. Thus, I attempt to reconstruct his life with aim of being able to evaluate, eventually, his involvement in the development of mathematics and astronomy towards the end of the 16th century, primarily with the use of whatever scant sources can be found concerning Wittich. The source that I present here—a notebook of Bartholomäus Scultetus, an astronomer from Görlitz—is known and has already been used, but only to a limited extent by the community of historians of science, or by those of astronomy and mathematics. By presenting the information about Wittich from Scultetus's notebook, I aim to bring this source to the attention of those communities, clarify some hitherto unclear details from Wittich's life, and set out new paths for further investigation into his biography.     

控制自复位高墩高阶效应的双摇摆界面法

为控制只在墩底设置1个摇摆界面的自复位高墩(结构1)的高阶模态地震响应,研究了分别在1/2墩高截面(结构2)和墩身弯矩最大截面(结构3)设置第2个摇摆界面的双摇摆界面法的控制效果。以3种强度条件下的7条地震动作为输入,利用时程分析获得了3种结构的墩身最大弯矩、最大剪力及墩顶最大水平位移。通过对比分析发现:结构2不能有效控制高阶模态效应,而结构3能有效控制高阶模态效应。随地震动及其强度的不同,与结构1相比,结构3能使墩身最大弯矩及最大剪力分别减小20%~46%和19%~65%,但结构3会增大墩顶最大水平位移,需采用有效手段加以控制。     

Gründerzeitliche Mauerwerksbauten unter Erdbebeneinwirkung – Tragverhalten im Widerspruch zur aktuell angewandten Nachbemessung

Historic masonry buildings under earthquakes – Load‐bearing behaviour in contradiction to the currently applied methods of analysis The stability of historic masonry buildings must be guaranteed not only under normal conditions, but also during natural disasters. The seismic assessment of the masonry buildings of the Gründerzeit (1840–1918) in Vienna is a central topic in the qualitative and constructive assessment. Although masonry construction has been used for many centuries, the realistic evaluation of the load‐bearing behaviour is still a complex challenge. The methods of analysis according to current regulations are only insufficiently able to reflect the real load‐bearing behaviour and the possible activation of global failure mechanisms. As a result, the simplified verification is often difficult to calculate for many historic buildings, and questionable reinforcement measures are taken to compensate, even though the buildings have already experienced several earthquakes and survived most of them without damage. The present work deals with the approaches of current methods of analysis and aims to identify problem points and to compare them with time history analysis, which is supported by a powerful material model based on test series. It is shown that the conventional analysis for the historic masonry buildings without consideration of the interaction and load transfer effects as well as the characteristic construction methods only partially reflect the real load‐bearing behaviour. The work is intended to be a contribution to the technical expert discussions on the seismic safety of historic buildings and to stimulate the discussion on the formulation of realistic methods of analysis.     

电流变流体的研究进展

电流变流体是近年来逐渐受人们重视的一种功能材料，本文介绍其国内、外发展过程及研究现状。