镍硫化物阳极溶解的电化学研究

研究了合成镍硫化物的阳极过程。Ni_3S_2,Ni_7S_6和NiS的活性溶解伴随着生成表面产物层,其反应机理与电极电位有关。根据三种不同类型产物层生成规律的电化学研究,Ni溶出表观电子数的测定,以及产物层相组成分析和相的元素分析,认为存在三组平行反应:直接生成HSO_4~-或SO_(4-)~2的反应,生成中间硫化物的反应及生成元素硫的反应,每组反应具有不同的优势发展电位区。NiS_2阳极溶解时,基本上为生成HSO_(4-)或SO_(4-)~2的反应。     

关于Mei对称性与Noether对称性的关系—以Birkhoff系统为例

文章以Birkhoff系统为例研究Mei对称性与Noether对称性之间的关系.研究了基于无限小生成元向量作用下Birkhoff函数和Birkhoff函数组的变分问题,建立了该变分问题的Birkhoff方程与Noether对称性及其守恒量.研究表明:该变分问题得到的Birkhoff方程、Noether等式和Noether守恒量分别与经典Birkhoff系统Mei对称性的判据方程、结构方程和Mei守恒量完全一致.文末以著名的Emden方程等为例来说明结果的应用.     

分功率因数电能表的设计

设计了一种分功率因数电能表。该电能表是采用实时功率因数调整电费方法的一种新型电子式电能表,目的是解决目前所使用的月平均功率因数法不能真实反映用户实时功率因数的缺陷,并利用经济杠杆的手段激励用户改善功率因数,从而达到提高电网运行质量的目的。     

Thermodynamic modeling of the Na–Al–Ti–H system and Ti dissolution in sodium alanates

Thermodynamic assessments were made to optimize thermodynamic models and parameter fits to selected experimental and first principles hypothetical predicted phase data within the Na–Al–Ti–H system. This enabled thermodynamic modeling of Ti solubility within the sodium alanates: NaAlH₄ and Na₃AlH₆, and the relative stability of Ti-bearing phases. The modeling provides insights into the role of Ti originating from Ti-based activating agents commonly referred to as ‘catalysts’ in promoting reversibility of the Na–Al–H dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation reactions under moderate temperature and pressure conditions relevant to H storage applications. Preliminary assessments were made to evaluate H solubility in bcc-Ti and hcp-Ti, and stability of the hydride δ-TiH₂. To model possible Ti dissolution in NaAlH₄ and α-Na₃AlH₆, sub-lattice models were applied. A repulsive interaction is predicted by first principles calculations when Ti is dissolved in NaAlH₄ or α-Na₃AlH₆, which becomes stronger with increasing temperature. Although Ti is virtually insoluble in NaAlH₄ or α-Na₃AlH₆, a small addition of TiCl₃ will induce a thermodynamic driving force for formation of TiH₂ and/or TiAl₃. The addition of pure Ti shows a weaker effect than TiCl₃ and leads to formation of TiH₂ only. Based on a combined interpretation of present thermodynamic modeling and prior experimental observations, the TiAl₃ and TiH₂ phases are ascribed to have a catalytic effect, not a thermodynamic destabilization effect, on the reversibility of the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reactions in the Na–Al–H system.     

用力传感器测量固液体的热膨胀系数

根据硅压阻式力传感器的工作原理,用传感器测量固液体热膨胀的微小长度变化量,进而测出了固液体的热膨胀系数,实验结果与公认值相比小于2%。这种方法实现了微小长度变化量的非电量电测,使实验操作简便,改进了传统的实验测量方法,拓展了传感器在普通物理实验中的应用。     

嵌入式技术在河水含沙量测量校准系统中的应用

针对河水含沙量测量校准设备的特点,基于ARM7嵌入式平台,本文设计了一种具有自适应能力的智能含沙量测量校准系统,经仿真、实践表明,其在一定的模型误差范围内具有良好的测量品质和鲁棒性.该系统有效地改善了含沙量测试设备的测量精度和稳定度,可为河流的治理及防灾、水处理工程等领域提供可靠的信息支持.     

Tungsten wires and porous NiAl prepared through directional solidification and selective dissolution

The combination of directional solidification and selective dissolution was applied to fabricate tungsten (W) wires and porous NiAl matrix. A NiAl–W pseudobinary eutectic alloy with 1.5?at.% tungsten was directionally solidified in a Bridgman-type oven at 1700°C. Results confirmed that the relationships of the growth rate with the interfibrous spacing and diameter of W fibrous phases in the directionally solidified samples are in accordance with the Jackson and Hunt (J?H) model. Afterward, the NiAl matrix was selectively dissolved in an HCl:H₂O₂ solution to reveal W wires, which present various three-dimensional (3D) morphologies at different growth rates. The W fibrous phases in the NiAl–W alloy samples were then selectively removed with a mixed etchant of ammonium acetate to form a porous NiAl matrix at a constant potential. Dynamic corrosion curves revealed that etching W from the NiAl matrix was inhibited after 2–3?h. The porous structures of NiAl after removing W phases are linked to the 3D morphologies of W fibrous phases embedded in the NiAl matrix. The aspect ratio of W wires and the structures of porous NiAl can be adjusted by selecting the process parameters of this combined technology.     

Oral medication delivery in impaired swallowing: thickening liquid medications for safe swallowing alters dissolution characteristics

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is available in a wide range of oral formulations designed to meet the needs of the population across the age-spectrum, but for people with impaired swallowing, i.e. dysphagia, both solid and liquid medications can be difficult to swallow without modification. The effect of a commercial polysaccharide thickener, designed to be added to fluids to promote safe swallowing by dysphagic patients, on rheology and acetaminophen dissolution was tested using crushed immediate-release tablets in water, effervescent tablets in water, elixir and suspension. The inclusion of the thickener, comprised of xanthan gum and maltodextrin, had a considerable impact on dissolution; acetaminophen release from modified medications reached 12–50% in 30?min, which did not reflect the pharmacopeia specification for immediate release preparations. Flow curves reflect the high zero-shear viscosity and the apparent yield stress of the thickened products. The weak gel nature, in combination with high G' values compared to G'' (viscoelasticity) and high apparent yield stress, impact drug release. The restriction on drug release from these formulations is not influenced by the theoretical state of the drug (dissolved or dispersed), and the approach typically used in clinical practice (mixing crushed tablets into pre-prepared thickened fluid) cannot be improved by altering the order of incorporation or mixing method.     

Ultrasound-assisted preparation of novel ibuprofen-loaded excipient with improved compression and dissolution properties

Context: Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) suffer from a drawback of poor aqueous solubility. In addition to the same, some APIs show poor tabletting behavior creating problems in formulation development. Crystal engineering can be an efficient tool in rectification of such problems associated with the APIs. Thus present work deals with crystallization of ibuprofen (a model drug) onto the surface of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) particles using different techniques.

Objective: The objective of the present work was to prepare ibuprofen-loaded DCP particles and further to analyze them for compressibility and dissolution behavior.

Materials and methods: Various crystallization techniques such as solvent evaporation (SE), melt crystallization (MC), melt sonocrystallization (MSC), antisolvent crystallization (AC), and antisolvent sonocrystallization (ASC) were screened for the preparation of ibuprofen-loaded DCP. Products obtained from different techniques were analyzed for physicochemical, micromeritic and compression properties.

Results and discussion: ASC technique was found to be suitable for preparing directly compressible ibuprofen-loaded DCP particles. The change in the crystal habit (needle to plate shape) of ibuprofen and its crystallization in miniscular form onto the surface of DCP particles showed significant improvement in the dissolution rate and compression properties of ibuprofen due to an increase in specific surface area when compared with ibuprofen crystallized by other techniques. Additionally, the tablets prepared from ASC powder did not require binder since ibuprofen acted as melt binder during compression.

Conclusion: Directly compressible ibuprofen-loaded DCP particles can serve as an alternative for conventional ibuprofen tablets prepared by wet granulation technique.     

爆破成井装药结构与中心孔药量的模拟与实践

为研究小断面急倾斜天井采用VCR法一次爆破成井的中心孔药量问题,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对成井过程进行了数值模拟。根据C·W利文斯顿球状药包理论,采用5孔布置、单孔中心掏槽、同分层中心孔与边孔不等高装药模拟成井过程。通过观察爆炸作用下岩石塑性应变场的变化,确定该方法能够很好地解决岩石夹制性问题。进而,改变中心孔药量进行多组模拟,发现不同中心孔药量与井壁上不同位置的单元应力对岩石抗拉强度的二阶矩的值呈非线性关系,并由此总结出中心孔药量的确定方法。工程实例验证了采用不等高装药与使用合理的药量能够达到理想的成井效果。