燕麦充气发酵饮料的加工

就燕麦充气发酵饮料加工过程中的燕麦汁制备、液化糖化、菌种驯化培养进行了介绍,并得出了制备该饮料的最佳工艺。     

A Bioinformatics Model of Human Diseases on the Basis of Differentially Expressed Genes (of Domestic Versus Wild Animals) That Are Orthologs of Human Genes Associated with Reproductive-Potential Changes

Earlier, after our bioinformatic analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of TATA-binding protein-binding sites within gene promoters on the human Y chromosome, we suggested that human reproductive potential diminishes during self-domestication. Here, we implemented bioinformatics models of human diseases using animal in vivo genome-wide RNA-Seq data to compare the effect of co-directed changes in the expression of orthologous genes on human reproductive potential and during the divergence of domestic and wild animals from their nearest common ancestor (NCA). For example, serotonin receptor 3A (HTR3A) deficiency contributes to sudden death in pregnancy, consistently with Htr3a underexpression in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) during their divergence from their NCA with cavy (C. aperea). Overall, 25 and three differentially expressed genes (hereinafter, DEGs) in domestic animals versus 11 and 17 DEGs in wild animals show the direction consistent with human orthologous gene-markers of reduced and increased reproductive potential. This indicates a reliable association between DEGs in domestic animals and human orthologous genes reducing reproductive potential (Pearson’s χ² test p < 0.001, Fisher’s exact test p < 0.05, binomial distribution p < 0.0001), whereas DEGs in wild animals uniformly match human orthologous genes decreasing and increasing human reproductive potential (p > 0.1; binomial distribution), thus enforcing the norm (wild type).     

Anatomy and Histochemistry of Seed Coat Development of Wild (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius (M. Bieb.) Asch. et Graebn. and Domesticated Pea (Pisum sativum subsp. sativum L.)

In angiosperms, the mature seed consists of embryo, endosperm, and a maternal plant-derived seed coat (SC). The SC plays a role in seed filling, protects the embryo, mediates dormancy and germination, and facilitates the dispersal of seeds. SC properties have been modified during the domestication process, resulting in the removal of dormancy, mediated by SC impermeability. This study compares the SC anatomy and histochemistry of two wild (JI64 and JI1794) and two domesticated (cv. Cameor and JI92) pea genotypes. Histochemical staining of five developmental stages: 13, 21, 27, 30 days after anthesis (DAA), and mature dry seeds revealed clear differences between both pea types. SC thickness is established early in the development (13 DAA) and is primarily governed by macrosclereid cells. Polyanionic staining by Ruthenium Red indicated non homogeneity of the SC, with a strong signal in the hilum, the micropyle, and the upper parts of the macrosclereids. High peroxidase activity was detected in both wild and cultivated genotypes and increased over the development peaking prior to desiccation. The detailed knowledge of SC anatomy is important for any molecular or biochemical studies, including gene expression and proteomic analysis, especially when comparing different genotypes and treatments. Analysis is useful for other crop-to-wild-progenitor comparisons of economically important legume crops.     

Cogeneration of hydrogen and methane from Arthrospira maxima biomass with bacteria domestication and enzymatic hydrolysis

The energy conversion efficiency in hydrogen and methane cogeneration from Arthrospira maxima biomass by two-phase fermentation is improved with bacteria domestication and enzymatic hydrolysis. The A. maxima biomass (dried weight) can theoretically cogenerate hydrogen and methane yields of 318 ml/g and 262 ml/g, which dramatically increases the theoretical energy conversion efficiency from 16.6% in hydrogen only production to 61.9%. The experimental hydrogen yield is increased from 49.7 ml/g to 64.3 ml/g, when the hydrogenogens community is domesticated with A. maxima biomass as carbon source. The hydrogen yield is further increased to 78.7 ml/g when A. maxima biomass is hydrolyzed with glucoamylase, which gives an energy conversion efficiency of 4.1% in hydrogen only production. The soluble metabolite byproducts from the first hydrogen-producing phase are reutilized by methanogens to produce methane of 109.5-145.5 ml/g in the second phase. The cogeneration of hydrogen and methane from A. maxima biomass markedly increases the experimental energy conversion efficiency to 27.7%.     

细菌低温驯化及其浸出砂岩型铀矿试验研究

采用经现场吸附尾液低温驯化培养得到的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A f), 对新疆某砂岩铀矿石样品进行了细菌浸出、双氧水浸出以及只用硫酸浸出的柱浸对比试验, 试验结果表明, A f经过驯化培养后能较好地适应现场吸附尾液环境, 并能在大于10 g/L酸度下保持较好的活性; 细菌浸出和双氧水浸出的金属浸出率比只用硫酸浸出的金属浸出率高2%～5%。现场施工了总体积为15 m³的两个生物反应器, 经过一个冬天的现场低温细菌驯化连续培养试验, 结果表明细菌活性保持较好, 为新疆低温环境保持细菌活性和低温细菌连续培养提供了依据。     

微生物增产煤层气菌种的驯化

采用厌氧培养方法,从厌氧污泥样品中富集出了产甲烷菌群,仅以煤为碳源对其进行驯化,得到了可以利用煤产甲烷的厌氧菌群。研究了该菌种利用煤产气的规律及常规碳源对菌种产气的影响。结果揭示：驯化后菌种对煤的利用能力显著提高,适应期由15 d缩短到6 d;产气量也显著增加。菌种产气具有规律性,产气周期共28 d,可分为3个阶段：适应期、产气期和稳定期。100 mL底物质量浓度为20 g/L的培养液总产气量达到182 mL,气体中的甲烷浓度约为16%。单日产气量呈先增加后减少的趋势,其中15~17 d的产气量最大,达到20 mL/d。菌种可以利用乙酸钠和甲醇产气,乙酸钠对菌种利用煤产气的增加效果更显著。     

高效降亚硝酸盐乳酸菌的驯化复筛及菌株鉴定

目的：筛选出高效降亚硝酸盐乳酸菌,为今后益生乳酸菌的开发提供一定的理论依据。方法：从地方特有食品及动物肠道中分离纯化出13 株乳酸菌,采用盐酸萘乙二胺法对13 株乳酸菌的体外降亚硝酸盐能力进行测定,并对降亚硝酸盐效果最强菌株进行驯化培养和抑菌实验,通过生理生化及16S rDNA法对所分离的降亚硝酸盐能力最强菌株进行鉴定。结果：获得1 株编号为JS3的乳酸菌,该菌对亚硝酸盐降解率为83.39%,经过驯化复筛及培养条件优化得到：培养基中蛋白胨添加量15 g/L、接菌量5%、培养温度30 ℃、培养时间48 h,其降解率达到93.47%,同时菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌还具有抑制性能。经鉴定菌株为玉米乳杆菌（Lactobacillus zeae）,将其命名为L. zeaeJS3。结论：菌株JS3具有高效降解亚硝酸盐能力,能够成为今后降解亚硝酸盐微生态活性菌的优良菌种。     

铀矿石生物浸出中氟对铁-硫氧化细菌的影响

本文针对某铀矿矿石氟含量高的特点,研究了铀矿石生物浸出过程中矿石浸泡液中pH值与氟离子浓度变化规律、不同起始氟离子浓度对铁-硫氧化细菌生长发育的影响以及所选用铁-硫氧化细菌对氟离子的适应能力.结果显示,铀矿石中氟离子浓度随着生物浸出体系中pH值由高到低的变化而呈现出由低到高的线性变化特征;试验用铁-硫氧化细菌对氟离子非常敏感,20 mg/L氟离子便会抑制其生长;但经过较高浓度含氟离子培养基长时间培养选择后筛选所得到的菌株却对较高浓度氟离子生长基质有较强的耐受性,如菌株Z-1可在含氟1.48g/L的溶浸液中一昼夜即可将5g/L Fe^2＋完全氧化.研究结果表明,通过驯化可以获得耐氟铁-硫氧化细菌,将其应用于生物浸出工艺中,既不会降低铀浸出率,也不需额外的经济投资.     

翻译中的归化与异化

本文探讨了翻译中归化和异化的区别,关于归化和异化的争端以及归化法和异化法在翻译中的应用,指出不论是归化还是异化,在目的语文化中起着不同的作用,都有其存在的价值.在翻译过程中,需要根据不同的翻译目的以及不同的文体类型来选择适当的翻译方法.