Stress intensity factor computation using the method of fundamental solutions: mixed‐mode problems

The method of fundamental solutions is applied to the computation of stress intensity factors in linear elastic fracture mechanics. The displacements are approximated by linear combinations of the fundamental solutions of the Cauchy–Navier equations of elasticity and the leading terms for the displacement near the crack tip. Two algorithms are developed, one using a single domain and one using domain decomposition. Numerical results are given. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全层片状TiAl基合金断裂过程的原位观察

利用ＳＥＭ拉伸台，研究了Ｔｉ－３３Ａｌ－３Ｃｒ－０．５Ｍｏ合金的室温拉伸断裂动态过程。试验结果表明，具有全层片状显微组织的ＴｉＡｌ合金室温断裂韧性较高，归因于合金拉伸过程中裂纹尖端发生分叉致使应力松弛而使裂纹钝化；在变形过程中，主裂纹尖端附近的微裂纹之间形成剪切韧带，剪切韧带韧化是ＴｉＡｌ合金的一种韧化机理。     

Obesity and Bone Health: A Complex Relationship

Recent scientific evidence has shown an increased risk of fractures in patients with obesity, especially in those with a higher visceral adipose tissue content. This contradicts the old paradigm that obese patients were more protected than those with normal weight. Specifically, in older subjects in whom there is a redistribution of fat from subcutaneous adipose tissue to visceral adipose tissue and an infiltration of other tissues such as muscle with the consequent sarcopenia, obesity can accentuate the changes characteristic of this age group that predisposes to a greater risk of falls and fractures. Other factors that determine a greater risk in older subjects with obesity are chronic proinflammatory status, altered adipokine secretion, vitamin D deficiency, insulin resistance and reduced mobility. On the other hand, diagnostic tests may be influenced by obesity and its comorbidities as well as by body composition, and risk scales may underestimate the risk of fractures in these patients. Weight loss with physical activity programs and cessation of high-fat diets may reduce the risk. Finally, more research is needed on the efficacy of anti-osteoporotic treatments in obese patients.     

Numerical investigation of fracture behavior of tunnel by excavation loading

A rock failure process analysis model, RFPA2D code, a two-dimensional numerical code, were proposed. The code not only satisfied the global equilibrium, strain consistent and nonlinear constitutive relationship of rock and soil materials but also took into account the heterogeneous characteristics of rock materials at macroscopic and microscopically level. The failure behavior of tunnel could be simulated by this numerical model. The model could realistically simulate the fracture behavior of tunnel by excavation loading, strength limits, and post peak response for both tension and compression. As the proposed method was used to conduct the stability analysis of tunnel, the safety factor of tunnel was defined as the ratio of actual shear strength parameter to critical failure shear strength parameter. Not only the safety factor of tunnel with specific physics meaning can be obtained, but also the overall failure process and the location of failure surface may also be determined at the same time.     

P91主蒸汽管道高硬度和低硬度焊缝性能研究

对P91钢的高硬度和低硬度焊缝的冲击功、硬度、断裂韧度和持久强度进行了试验研究,结果表明:硬度高、韧性低的R焊缝具有高的持久强度;硬度低、韧性高的D焊缝具有低的持久强度。材料持久强度的高低与部件的蠕变寿命密切相关。     

压裂水平井裂缝变质量入流与油藏渗流耦合模型研究

综合考虑了水平井筒完井段生产、各条裂缝长度不等、导流能力不同、间距不等、与水平井筒夹角不等以及关于井筒非对称等因素对产量的影响,建立了压裂水平井裂缝分段入流、水平井筒分段入流与油藏渗流的耦合模型.通过实例计算,揭示了水平井筒完井段及裂缝段的入流和压力分布规律,并对各裂缝的产量进行了敏感性分析.结果表明,在裂缝与井筒交点附近,裂缝入流存在局部极大值,且生产压差最大;裂缝之间的水平井筒完井段入流速度存在极大值,在裂缝与井筒交点处压力变化幅度剧增;裂缝半长对外裂缝产量影响程度深,对內裂缝的影响相反.     

克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩压裂改造规律探索

准噶尔盆地克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩储层的压裂改造是其“增储上产”和产能评价的重要手段,然而,储层发育部分连通性不佳的微细裂缝在压裂后易于形成复杂裂缝,包括转向裂缝、鱼刺状小裂缝、不同方位的多裂缝、同方位的多裂缝及纵向上的多裂缝等。为此,利用诊断复杂裂缝的近井筒效应分析技术、压裂施工过程分析技术、压后压力分析技术,进行了10井次的对比分析。结果表明：10口井压裂没有产生大的分支裂缝,但是全都产生了裂缝弯曲,其中有50%为轻微弯曲,20%为中等弯曲,30%为严重弯曲。进而得出了克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩压裂一般不会产生较大的分支裂缝,但是总会产生不同程度的裂缝弯曲的初步认识。     

控水压裂技术在温米油田的研究与应用

吐哈温米油田属于低孔、 低压、 低渗油藏, 经过多年高速开采, 部分区块处于高含水开发阶段, 层内、层间和井间矛盾突出, 平面上油井距水驱前缘距离减少, 纵向上水淹层与油层交错存在, 裂缝前端容易沟通注水前缘, 导致压后高含水增液不增油, 另一方面缝高失控压窜上下水层或层内底水, 导致压后高含水, 严重影响了油田的开发效果。文章从控水压裂机理入手, 开展了控水压裂工艺技术对策研究, 形成了低排量、 多段塞、 相渗改变技术、 低伤害压裂液体系等配套技术, 在现场成功应用９井次, 有效率８ ８  ９ ％, 取得了较好的效果, 为油田的高效开发提供了技术思路。     

裂缝转向对低渗地层水平井压裂的影响

水力裂缝转向作为压裂过程中的一种重要现象,可造成近井筒裂缝的弯曲,对于裂缝中支撑剂的传输和流体的流动规律具有很大影响,可最终影响水力压裂的成败和人工裂缝的导流能力。统计了长庆油田水平井压裂施工的部分资料,分析了长庆油田水平井压裂的特点。结合二维裂缝的平面应变模型,建立了裂缝转向的曲率半径与地层物性参数和压裂施工参数的关系,并针对性地分析了不同参数对于裂缝曲率半径的影响。结果表明,水平应力差对裂缝的转向距离有决定性的影响,压裂施工排量对水力裂缝高度的增长贡献显著,控制排量、延长注液时间能有效增加裂缝长度。结论对于压裂参数优化设计和水力压裂施工具有参考意义。     

低合金钢靶板受尖头弹冲击的变形与断裂

研究了低合金钢板在尖头弹冲击条件下的侵彻过程,讨论了应力条件和材料冶金质量对损伤和断裂的影响。结果表明,在侵彻过程前期靶材主要表现为三向压应力下的塑性流动;中期,靶材挤压流动,靶材内部的流速差造成剪切变形,并导致沿轧制偏析带的开裂;后期,靶材在剧烈剪切作用下剪切变形、局部失稳、形成剪切带和沿剪切带的开裂或撕裂。断裂按微孔聚集型机制进行。通常所谓花瓣型开裂实质上就是上述在切应力作用下的剪切撕裂。