不同香型区烤烟水溶性糖组分含量差异及与感官质量的关系

以2018—2019年207份C3F初烤烟叶样品为材料,研究了不同香型区域烟叶水溶性糖组分含量及其与感官品质的关系。结果表明：（1）烤烟果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖占总糖的比例均值分别为46.43%、48.15%、2.29%、3.13%。（2）清甜香型、蜜甜香型和醇甜香型区烤烟总糖、还原糖含量极显著高于焦甜焦香型、焦甜醇甜香型和清甜蜜甜香型区;（3）各香型区烤烟水溶性糖组分含量与占比特点为：清甜香型、蜜甜香型和醇甜香型果糖、葡萄糖含量高,麦芽糖含量适中,葡萄糖占比高;焦甜焦香型果糖、葡萄糖含量低,麦芽糖含量高,麦芽糖占比高;焦甜醇甜香型果糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖含量低;清甜蜜甜香型葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖含量低,果糖含量高,果糖占比高,蔗糖占比低。（4）典型相关分析结果表明,果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖含量与烟气浓度呈负相关;果糖含量与香气质和杂气呈正相关,与劲头呈负相关;葡萄糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖含量与香型风格凸显程度呈正相关。     

果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛的研究

以几种常规酸为催化剂催化果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛,考察了溶剂种类和用量、催化剂种类和用量、果糖用量、反应时间和反应温度等因素对5-羟甲基糠醛收率的影响.结果表明,在2 g果糖、0.3 g对甲苯磺酸、15 mL正丁醇、反应温度180℃和反应时间5 min的反应条件下,所得产物5-羟甲基糠醛的收率较高,达91.3%;并通...     

Ultrastructural localization of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in mouse brain

Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase has been studied in adult mouse brain of different ages using an antibody directed against the liver isoform. The presence of liver fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus was assayed using Western blot and different immunocytochemical techniques. Immunocytochemistry with peroxidase reaction product was used to locate fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in both neurons and astrocytes in the same areas, as well as in the rest of the brain, at light and electron microscope levels. Double immunofluorescence with neuronal or astrocytic markers confirmed the neuronal and astrocytic location of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in confocal microscope images. At the subcellular level, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase was located in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of both neurons and astrocytes, at all ages studied. Ultrastructurally, immunostaining appeared as small patches in the nucleus and the cytosol. In addition, immunostaining was present over the outer mitochondrial membrane, the plasma membrane, and the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope, but not over Golgi membranes. In the neuropil fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase was located in dendritic spines, as well as in abundant astrocytic processes that, in some cases, surrounded immunopositive synapses. The possible role of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in neurons and astrocytes is discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Transcriptome Analysis in Rat Kidneys: Importance of Genes Involved in Programmed Hypertension

Suboptimal conditions in pregnancy can elicit long-term effects on the health of offspring. The most common outcome is programmed hypertension. We examined whether there are common genes and pathways in the kidney are responsible for generating programmed hypertension among three different models using next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received dexamethasone (DEX, 0.1 mg/kg) from gestational day 16 to 22, 60% high-fructose (HF) diet, or N^G-nitro-l-arginine-methyester (l-NAME, 60 mg/kg/day) to conduct DEX, HF, or l-NAME model respectively. All three models elicited programmed hypertension in adult male offspring. We observed five shared genes (Bcl6, Dmrtc1c, Egr1, Inmt, and Olr1668) among three different models. The identified differential genes (DEGs) that are related to regulation of blood pressure included Aqp2, Ptgs1, Eph2x, Hba-a2, Apln, Guca2b, Hmox1, and Npy. RNA-Seq identified genes in arachidonic acid metabolism are potentially gatekeeper genes contributing to programmed hypertension. In addition, HF and DEX increased expression and activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase (Ephx2 gene encoding protein). Conclusively, the DEGs in arachidonic acid metabolism are potentially gatekeeper genes in programmed hypertension. The roles of DEGs identified by the RNA-Seq in this study deserve further clarification, to develop the potential interventions in the prevention of programmed hypertension.     

Decreased Glucocorticoid Signaling Potentiates Lipid-Induced Inflammation and Contributes to Insulin Resistance in the Skeletal Muscle of Fructose-Fed Male Rats Exposed to Stress

The modern lifestyle brings both excessive fructose consumption and daily exposure to stress which could lead to metabolic disturbances and type 2 diabetes. Muscles are important points of glucose and lipid metabolism, with a crucial role in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis. We investigated whether 9-week fructose-enriched diet, with and without exposure to 4-week unpredictable stress, disturbs insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle of male rats and evaluated potential contributory roles of muscle lipid metabolism, glucocorticoid signaling and inflammation. The combination of fructose-enriched diet and stress increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α and -δ and stimulated lipid uptake, lipolysis and β-oxidation in the muscle of fructose-fed stressed rats. Combination of treatment also decreased systemic insulin sensitivity judged by lower R-QUICKI, and lowered muscle protein content and stimulatory phosphorylations of insulin receptor supstrate-1 and Akt, as well as the level of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and glucocorticoid receptor. At the same time, increased levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B, nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, were observed in the muscle of fructose-fed stressed rats. Based on these results, we propose that decreased glucocorticoid signaling in the skeletal muscle can make a setting for lipid-induced inflammation and the development of insulin resistance in fructose-fed stressed rats.     

Short‐chain fatty acid content in the hindgut of rats fed various composite foods and commercial dietary fibre fractions from similar sources

The fermentability of indigestible carbohydrates and content of short‐chain fatty acids along the hindgut of rats were investigated using plant materials of importance in the Swedish diet (instant potato powder, apples and oat flakes). Results with the composite food products were compared with commercial fibre fractions obtained from similar sources, ie potato fibre, apple pectin and β‐glucan‐enriched oat fibre. The materials were incorporated into diets yielding a concentration of 60 or 70 g kg^?1 indigestible carbohydrates. The fermentability of indigestible carbohydrates was high with all diets, between 79 and 90%. All substrates except the pure apple pectin generated intermediate to high proportions of butyric acid in the caecum (15–22 vs 8%). The potato products gave high concentrations of butyric acid in the distal colon. The potato powder, ie the diet with the highest content of resistant starch (22 g kg^?1), also gave the highest proportion of butyric acid in the distal colon (19%), which was higher than the proportion in the caecum with the same substrate (15%) (P < 0.005). The composite foods promoted a higher proportion of butyric acid in the distal colon as compared with the commercial fibre fractions (P < 0.05). © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of dietary polyphenols on intestinal absorption of glucose and fructose: Relation with obesity and type 2 diabetes

Polyphenols are a group of substances present in plant-based foods such as apples and in plant-based beverages such as red wine. This review shows that polyphenols interfere with intestinal sugar transporters, modulating their function and altering glucose and fructose absorption. Inhibition of intestinal glucose and fructose absorption contributes to the effect of polyphenols in reducing postprandial glycemia, altering the apparent glycemic index of foods and decreasing body mass index. The possible implication of these findings on type 2 diabetes and obesity is a matter of growing interest, as shown by the rise on publications on this subject.

Abbreviations: BBM: Brush Border Membrane; BLM: Basolateral Membrane; BMI: Body Mass Index; ECg: Epicatechin Gallate; EC: Epicatechin; EGC: Epigallocatechin; EGCg: Epigallocatechin Gallate; GLUT2: Facilitative Glucose Transporter 2; GLUT5: Facilitative Glucose Transporter 5; HFCS: High-Fructose Corn Syrup; HPLC/MS: High performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment; IFD: International Diabetes Federation; LPH: Lactase Phloridzin Hydrolase; MAPK: Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase; MetS: Metabolic Syndrome; NHS I e II: Nurses’ Health Study I and II; PK: Protein Kinase; SGLT-1: Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter; T2D: Type 2 Diabetes     

A critical examination of the evidence relating high fructose corn syrup and weight gain

The use of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has increased over the past several decades in the United States while overweight and obesity rates have risen dramatically. Some scientists hypothesize that HFCS consumption has uniquely contributed to the increasing mean body mass index (BMI) of the U.S. population. The Center for Food, Nutrition, and Agriculture Policy convened an expert panel to discuss the published scientific literature examining the relationship between consumption of HFCS or "soft drinks" (proxy for HFCS) and weight gain. The authors conducted original analysis to address certain gaps in the literature. Evidence from ecological studies linking HFCS consumption with rising BMI rates is unreliable. Evidence from epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials is inconclusive. Studies analyzing the differences between HFCS and sucrose consumption and their contributions to weight gain do not exist. HFCS and sucrose have similar monosaccharide compositions and sweetness values. The fructose:glucose (F:G) ratio in the U.S. food supply has not appreciably changed since the introduction of HFCS in the 1960s. It is unclear why HFCS would affect satiety or absorption and metabolism of fructose any differently than would sucrose. Based on the currently available evidence, the expert panel concluded that HFCS does not appear to contribute to overweight and obesity any differently than do other energy sources. Research recommendations were made to improve our understanding of the association of HFCS and weight gain.     

外源乙醇对果糖与葡萄糖酒精发酵的影响

研究了不同体积分数外源乙醇对酵母GJ2008利用等量果糖与葡萄糖混合发酵过程的影响,旨在为高浓度甘蔗汁酒精发酵提供参考和依据。用YPDF培养基模拟甘蔗汁,并调节乙醇体积分数为0%、6%、9%和12%,以初始酵母数为1.12×108个/mL进行酒精发酵,高效液相色谱法测定发酵过程中果糖与葡萄糖含量,并采用曲线下面积法对果糖与葡萄糖代谢曲线进行分析。在外源乙醇体积分数为0%~9%时,酵母GJ2008可以快速利用果糖和葡萄糖进行酒精发酵,但对葡萄糖有着明显的偏好;在外源乙醇体积分数为12%时,果糖和葡萄糖消耗缓慢,生物量得不到有效增加。等质量浓度果糖与葡萄糖混合发酵表明:外源乙醇对果糖代谢的影响明显大于对葡萄糖代谢的影响,外源乙醇体积分数达6%以上时,糖转化乙醇的产量减少了19%~27%。