页岩瓦斜屋面施工应用技术

页岩瓦因其弯折性较好、安装简便、外型美观、环保节能和防水效果良好等优点，被应用于坡度各异、形状复杂的别墅的坡屋面。本文结合工程实例，对页岩瓦的施工技术进行了详细的阐述，以供类似工程参考。     

The geochemistry of trace elements in marine oil shales and their combustion residues: Occurrence and environmental aspects

With the aim of better understanding geochemistry of trace elements in marine oil shale and its combustion residues, 23 raw samples, 17 oil shale combustion residues, and 18 selected minerals from Bilong Co oil shale are studied. Potentially hazardous trace elements in raw samples include As, B, Cd, Mo, and Se, while Se, Mo, Cd, As, Bi, and U are potentially hazardous trace elements in combustion residues. As is controlled mainly by Fe-bearing minerals. B occurs mainly in clay minerals. Cd is enriched mainly in calcite. Mo is controlled mainly by organic matter. Se is mainly controlled by P-bearing minerals.     

CO2 gasification characteristics of nascent pyrolyzed particles from coals and oil shale

In this work, the co‐pyrolysis characteristics of oil shale with two typical coals, bitumite and lignite, and the co‐gasification characteristics of the mixture pyrolyzed fuels were studied via thermo‐gravimetric analysis. The individual fuels and mixture fuels were first pyrolysis in N₂ atmosphere to specified temperature (450, 550, and 620 °C) at the heating rate of 20, 30 and 40 °C/min, respectively, and then maintained at the given temperature for 20 min before converted to CO₂ ambient to conduct the CO₂ gasification tests. The kinetic behavior and effects of both fuel types and pyrolysis temperature were investigated. The shoulder peak at around 550 °C observed in the derivative of weight loss derivative thermogravimetry analysis (DTG) curve during the pyrolysis of oil shale has confirmed the existence of specific reactions of oil shale at around 550 °C that leads to a sharp trough in the differential curves of co‐pyrolysis with coals and the unusual change in activation energies of gasification. In isothermal pyrolysis stage, oil shale lost its vast majority of organic matters at the temperature lower than 550 °C. The escape of pyrolysis gas and liquids in the coals is much harder than that in oil shale. The interaction between oil shale and bitumite was too weak to discriminate both in the pyrolysis and CO₂ gasification process. The variation of the particle surface structure caused by the releasing of volatile gases is strongly affected by the reaction rate and temperature. Quick volatile decomposition and gas releasing lead to the increase of surface area, decrease of the average pore diameter as well as the uniformization of the pore structure, while the higher temperature results in the blockade and merging of fine pores. The two factors lead to the greatest mass loss rate in the pyrolyzed particles obtained at 550 °C in temperature programmed CO₂ gasification stage. Two model‐free methods, Friedman method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, were used to extract kinetic parameters from the experimentally determined pyrolyzed fuel conversions. The volatile contend has a significant influence on the fixed carbon conversion during the partially pyrolyzed particles' CO₂ gasification. In this study, significant interactions existed in co‐thermal utilization, both pyrolysis and CO₂ gasification, of oil shale and lignite. It is therefore surmised that co‐gasification of pyrolyzed lignite and oil shale may represent a feasible, practical route to high‐efficiency utilization of these fuels. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investment optimization model for freshwater acquisition and wastewater handling in shale gas production

Major challenges of water use in the drilling and fracturing process in shale gas production are large volumes required in a short‐period of time and the nonsteady nature of wastewater treatment. A new mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP) model for optimizing capital investment decisions for water use for shale gas production through a discrete‐time representation of the State‐Task Network is presented. The objective is to minimize the capital cost of impoundment, piping, and treatment facility, and operating cost including freshwater, pumping, and treatment. The goal is to determine the location and capacity of impoundment, the type of piping, treatment facility locations and removal capability, freshwater sources, as well as the frac schedule. In addition, the impact of several factors such as limiting truck hauling and increasing flowback volume on the solution is examined. A case study is optimized to illustrate the application of the proposed formulation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1770–1782, 2015     

华北地区北部中—上元古界泥页岩储层特征及页岩气资源潜力

中国页岩气资源丰富,已取得了南方下古生界海相页岩气和中生界陆相页岩气勘探开发的突破,但对于华北地区分布广泛的中—上元古界古老泥页岩,前人对其烃源岩特征开展了较多研究,作为页岩储层研究还是空白。对天津蓟县地区中—上元古界串岭沟组、洪水庄组、下马岭组泥页岩,通过全岩及黏土矿物X射线衍射分析、地球化学分析、压汞、氮气和二氧化碳气体吸附分析,结合环境扫描电镜(ESEM)及场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)观察,进行了储层黏土矿物组成、TOC含量、成熟度、孔隙类型特征及评价研究,结果显示:样品矿物成分以石英和黏土矿物为主,其中石英含量20.3%~52.3%,黏土矿物含量38.4%~54.1%,TOC含量从0.008%~3.440%不等,Ro值范围为1.44%~3.01%,样品整体孔隙较发育,孔隙类型主要包括粒间孔及粒间溶孔、有机质边缘孔、粒内孔及粒内溶孔、黏土矿物晶间孔等,3个岩组泥页岩对比分析认为洪水庄组页岩储层最好,其次是下马岭组和串岭沟组。     

川南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩层序地层及其对储层的控制

随着四川盆地勘探程度的深入,页岩气藏已经成为勘探重点,有必要系统地开展页岩层序地层研究。在岩石地层、生物地层、年代地层研究的基础上,运用露头-钻井-地震、全球海平面变化曲线、地球化学、古生物等资料,在川南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩地层中识别出4个三级层序界面,划分了3个三级层序:SQ1相当于五峰组,沉积速率低(1.18~2.19 m/Ma);SQ2相当于龙马溪组下段及上段底部,沉积速率较低(约为15 m/Ma);SQ3相当于龙马溪组上段中上部,沉积速率较高(216.25~340 m/Ma)。建立了该区的层序地层格架。分析了层序对储层的控制作用,主要体现在黑色页岩层序SQ1—SQ2中相对海平面升降与页岩脆性指数呈负相关、与TOC及孔隙度呈正相关,渗透率高值多位于脆性段,渗透率低值多位于塑性段。灰色页岩层序SQ3以塑性段为主,孔、渗均低于SQ1、SQ2凝缩段,其相对海平面与有机质没有明显的相关性。相对海平面变化影响了优质页岩储层发育,SQ1、SQ2海侵期—海退早期为优质页岩储层发育期。综合本次研究成果,明确了层序地层对优质页岩储层的控制作用,对于在层序格架内预测优质页岩储层段具有指导意义。     

东濮凹陷页岩油气富集条件

文中立足于东濮凹陷勘探实践,在岩心观察、有机地化和镜下薄片等资料分析的基础上,总结了页岩油气的富集条件。富集泥页岩发育决定了页岩油气的主力层位,东濮凹陷沙河街组沙三中、下为页岩油气最富集的层位,有机碳质量分数高,主要为Ⅱ1和Ⅰ型干酪根,热演化程度适中(Ro为1%~2%);沉积体系和有利岩相是页岩油气富集的重要因素,富集泥页岩主要分布在深湖—半深湖和前三角洲泥沉积体系中,其中的纹层状灰质泥岩岩相储集空间发育程度和油气富集程度均高,是最有利的岩相类型。脆性矿物体积分数和裂缝发育程度是页岩油气富集的关键,东濮凹陷脆性矿物体积分数超过60%,有利于裂缝的形成及后期压裂改造;盐岩及异常高压的发育是东濮凹陷页岩油气保存的重要原因。运用多因素叠合法预测沙三中4—5、沙三中8、沙三下1—2是最有利的勘探层位,濮卫和柳屯—海通集洼陷是最有利的目标区,并部署实施卫68￣1HF等井,取得初步成效。     

东濮凹陷泥页岩脆性指示因子地震预测

脆性指示因子是评价泥页岩储层的一个至关重要的参数。在勘探阶段,高脆性泥页岩发育区常发育裂缝,易形成产能,有助于开发区域优选;在开发阶段,脆性指示因子有效预测能为水平井部署、井身设计以及压裂改造提供重要的依据。目前国内利用地震方法预测脆性指示因子空间展布的研究并不广泛。文中利用地震叠前反演得到弹性模量与泊松比2个关键参数,进而预测脆性指示因子。预测结果与已知井的情况符合较好。