Restructuring butterfat through blending and chemical interesterification. 3. Rheology

Interesterified and noninteresterified butterfat-canola oil blends, ranging from 100% butterfat to 60∶40 butterfat-canola oil (w/w) in 10% increments, were evaluated for hardness index (HI), dropping point, viscosity, and viscoelastic properties at small deformation. Both blending and chemical interesterification diminished HI in a nonlinear fashion. HI changes in interesterified blends were more pronounced than in noninteresterified blends. Dropping points yielded information on the structure of the blends. Butterfat’s dropping point (DP) was 34.4°C, whereas that of interesterified butterfat was 37.0°C, which is indicative of a more structured network for the latter. DP values of blends with 60–90% butterfat (interesterified vs. noninteresterified) were not significantly different (P<0.05). Interesterified blends had a higher crystallization onset temperature than did noninteresterified blends. All blends in the liquid state displayed Newtonian behavior. Oscillatory frequency sweep measurements at small amplitude showed that interesterified blends generally had lower storage moduli (G′) than their noninteresterified counterparts. BothG′ andG″ were frequency-dependent. Replacement of 30% butterfat by canola oil led to notable changes in small deformation measurements, whereas replacement of 20% butterfat led to big changes in large deformation measurements.     

Dishwashing performance of mixed palm stearin sulfonated methyl esters and polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters

The detergency profiles of sodium salt α-sulfonated methyl esters derived from palm stearin (α-SMEPS) and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monoesters (POESE) in mixed micelle systems were evaluated as a function of the weight ratios of α-SMEPS/POESE [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (12), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (18∶0), and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (18∶1)] at different water hardness values (5.12, 51.2, and 512.0 ppm CaCO₃) and temperatures (20, 30, 45, and 65°C), respectively. All the mixtures of α-SMEPS/POESE (12, 18∶0, and 18∶1) systems exhibited a synergistic effect at 65°C in the absence of hardness. This was evaluated by measuring the percentage of soil removed. The systems showed an increase in detergency with both the temperature and water hardness. Maximal detergency was observed with 5.12 ppm CaCO₃ in the mixed surfactant solution.     

化学镀Ni-P-Cr2O3和Ni-P-SiO2复合镀层的研究

本文对化学镀镍及化学镀镍磷基质中SiO2与Cr2O3的共沉积进行了研究.微粒在不断生长的膜层中共沉积引起了新的化学复合镀层的出现,这些复合镀层许多都具有优异的耐磨及耐蚀性能.通过选取镀层合金/复合微粒/金属基体的组分可改进镀层,获得所需的性能,以满足特别的需求.在对这些复合镀层的应用需求正在迫近与增长的同时,其市场正在迅速扩张.本文开发出了一种合适的复合化学镀镍液,并通过维氏硬度法对化学复合镀镍层进行了表征.采用动电位极化及交流阻抗法测定了镀层的Taber耐磨性能及耐蚀性能.采用SEM及XRD对复合镀层的表面形貌进行了分析.     

AISI 304奥氏体不锈钢活性屏离子渗碳

利用活性屏离子热处理技术对AISI 304奥氏体不锈钢进行低温离子渗碳(AS-PC)处理,可以在不锈钢表面形成一层无碳化铬析出的碳的过饱和固溶体(Sc相)。处理后的奥氏体不锈钢可以在不降低耐蚀性能的基础上大幅度提高不锈钢表面的硬度,并解决了不锈钢直流离子渗碳温度均匀性差,工件存在边缘效应等问题,ASPC渗碳试样表面基本可以保持原色。     

层片状堆焊材料的研制

为了研制一种柔性比较好的层片状堆焊材料,用来修复易磨损的零件表面和小型的管材类零件等,选择有机硅密封胶、聚乙烯醇、环氧树脂、水玻璃为粘结剂,与硬质材料Ni60H进行混合,做成层片状堆焊材料;另外再加入WC(碳化钨)作为硬质相,利用TIG焊在Q235钢基体上进行堆焊.结果表明:以有机硅密封胶、有机硅密封胶与环氧树脂1∶1为粘结剂的堆焊材料具有良好的柔韧性,可以任意弯折.以有机硅密封胶与环氧树脂1∶1为粘结剂的堆焊材料加入WC和CaF2后的焊接组织均匀、无缺陷,且堆焊层具有良好的耐磨性能,其洛氏硬度值为HRC43.83.     

助交联剂TMPTMA在高硬度丁腈胶料中的应用

研究助交联剂TMPTMA(三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯)用量对NBR(丁腈)混炼胶加工性能和硫化胶力学性能的影响。结果表明:助交联剂TMPTMA不仅有加快硫化速率的作用,也具有一定的增塑效果,使混炼胶的流动性提高,同时明显提高胶料的交联密度;随着TMPTMA用量的增加,NBR硫化胶的硬度、拉伸强度、撕裂强度、100%定伸应力增大,而拉断伸长率和回弹性减小;压缩永久变形有所降低,共混胶的磨耗体积先减小后增大。     

Bi对Al-30% Mg_2Si复合材料组织和性能的影响

为了研究铋(Bi)对Al-30%Mg2Si复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响,利用原位内生工艺制备了Al-30%Mg2Si复合材料,并加入不同量的Bi对其细化变质.利用扫描电镜进行显微组织观察,并利用布氏硬度计和液压式万能试验机进行力学性能测试.试验结果显示,稀土Bi的质量分数由0%增加至5%时,初生相Mg2Si的平均晶粒尺寸先减小后变大,而抗拉强度、硬度和伸长率则先提高后减小;当Bi加入量约为3%时,初生相Mg2Si显微组织细化效果最为明显,综合力学性能最好.     

超重型切削过程硬质合金刀具高温力学特性

超重型切削过程中,刀具的高温失效是硬质合金刀具破损的主要形式之一。首先,通过理论分析、切削仿真及数学模型进行切削热产生过程分析,并研究切削温度对硬质合金刀具变形抗力的影响;然后,进行切削温度及材料高温硬度测量实验,实验结果验证模型有效,硬质合金和工件材料试块的硬度在1000℃时分别下降了28%和60%左右;最后,从刀具几何结构优化设计和复合涂层技术两方面提出超重型切削专用硬质合金刀具抗高温性能的提效措施,在5组切削参数下进行刀具寿命对比实验,优化设计的XF8刀具寿命是YT15刀具的2~5倍。研究结果可以为重型高效切削刀具技术的研究及推广提供借鉴。     

新型超硬正交BN同素异形体的第一性原理研究

应用第一性原理计算,提出一种具有正交结构的BN化合物(O-BN),空间群为Pbam.计算结果表明:O-BN具有较强的抗压缩性和较大的体弹模量(397.38 GPa),其理论硬度值可达到65.10 GPa.同时,与先前理论提出的BN同素异形体相比,O-BN的能量更为稳定.理想拉伸强度计算进一步表明O-BN是一种潜在的超硬材料.我们的研究结果为实验上合成BN化合物起到了重要的理论指导作用.     

船用电缆剩余寿命快速检测方法研究

为快速检测船用电缆的剩余使用寿命,尝试应用硬度这一可以快速检测的特征量来建立一种船舶电缆绝缘老化寿命快速检测方法。对船用丁苯橡胶电缆开展了加速老化实验,并对老化后的试样进行了硬度测试,并对所得数据进行处理,提出基于硬度的船用电缆剩余寿命快速检测方法,最后通过标准的基于断裂伸长保留率的寿命检测方法对所提出的快速检测方法进行检验。结果表明,2种方法具有高度的一致性,从而为船用电缆剩余寿命快速评估提供一种新的思路。