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71.
72.
John M. Jewell James Jaganathan Ishwar D. Aggarwal 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1991,74(4):788-796
The effect of controlled heterogeneous nucleation by platinum on the crystallization of a ZrF4 -BaF2 -LaF3 -AlF3 -NaF (ZBLAN) glass was studied. Various levels of platinum were incorporated into this glass by a combination of PtCl2 -doping and melting-atmosphere variation. The effect of doping levels and melting conditions on the incorporation of platinum and the subsequent nucleation of crystals was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction. Increased platinum in the glass resulted in an increased number of nucleation sites for the growth of β-ZrF4 -BaF2 crystals. Analysis of isothermal and ramp-rate DSC measurements indicated that the crystallization of this glass changed from surface controlled to bulk controlled with an increased number of nuclei. This was confirmed by optical microscopy. In addition, Avrami analysis of the isothermal crystallization data gave an accurate approximation of the number of nuclei in the glass. 相似文献
73.
The microstructure and thermal behavior of the Sn-Zn-Ag solder were investigated for 8.73–9% Zn and 0–3.0% Ag. The scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows the Ag-Zn compound when the solder contains 0.1% Ag. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
results indicate that Ag5Zn8 and AgZn3 become prominent when the Ag content is 0.3% and above. Meanwhile, the Zn-rich phase is refined, and the Zn orientations
gradually diminish upon increase in Ag content. The morphology of the Ag-Zn compound varies from nodular to dendrite structure
when the Ag content increases. The growth of the Ag-Zn compounds is accompanied by the diminishing of the eutectic structure
of the Sn-9Zn solder. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigation reveals that the solidus temperature of these
solders exists at around 198°C. A single, sharp exothermic peak was found for the solders with Ag content less than 0.5%.
Liquidus temperatures were identified with the DSC analysis to vary from 206°C to 215°C when the Ag content ranges from 1.0%
to 3.0% 相似文献
74.
Morphology of intermetallic compounds formed between lead-free Sn-Zn based solders and Cu substrates
The morphologies of intermetallic compounds formed between Sn-Zn based solders and Cu substrates were investigated in this
study. The investigated solders were Sn-9Zn, Sn-8.55Zn-0.45Al, and Sn-8.55Zn-0.45Al-0.5Ag. The experimental results indicated
that the Sn-9Zn solder formed Cu5Zn8 and CuZn5 compounds on the Cu substrate, while the Al-containing solders formed the Al4.2Cu3.2Zn0.7 compound. The addition of Ag to the Sn-8.55Zn-0.45Al solder resulted in the formation of the AgZn3 compound at the interface between the Al4.2Cu3.2Zn0.7 compound and the solder. Furthermore, it was found that the cooling rate of the specimen after soldering had an effect on
the quantity of AgZn3 compound formed at the interface. The AgZn3 compound formed with an air-cooling condition exhibited a rougher surface and larger size than with a water-quenched condition.
It was believed that the formation of the AgZn3 compound at the interface occurs through heterogenous nucleation during solidification. 相似文献
75.
Flooding phenomenon limits the stability and the flow of a liquid film falling along the walls of a channel in which a gas is flowing upwards.As known, the entrainment effect can completely prevent the liquid to fall from its natural flow. The present work proposes a new mechanistic model for the prediction of the onset of flooding in vertical and inclined pipes in the presence of obstructions, as well as taking into account the viscosity effect. The good performance of the model in the different geometrical conditions and for variable viscosities of the liquid component assesses the validity of the hypothesis that the instability of a wavelike disturbance limits the countercurrent flow in a channel. 相似文献
76.
茨21-133井CO2吞吐技术初步试验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
茨榆坨油田茨13块原油属于普通稠油,1993年开始蒸汽吞吐采油,从第二轮开始效果明显变差,注汽返排率低,有效周期短,产量下降快,套管变形井增多。针对这些问题,在该区块茨21—133井进行CO2吞吐采油工艺现场试验,获得成功,增油效果明显。 相似文献
77.
Monodisperse poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) microspheres with high molecular weight obtained by suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate were saponified in alkaline aqueous solution to keep their spherical structure. The saponification was restricted on the surface of the PVAc microspheres and obtained particles had skin/core structure. Various poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microspheres with different diameters and degrees of saponification (DSs) were obtained. The conversion of PVAc to PVA during the heterogeneous surface saponification time were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and after 72 h hydrogel type PVA microspheres completely saponified were obtained. The crystal melting temperatures of the microspheres obtained by the saponification were measured a constant value of 238°C irrespective of varying DS, and the peaks became enlarged as reaction time. Iodine complexes were formed in saponified microspheres with DS of 41% and 99% by immersing them in I2/KI aqueous solution and decomposed by the reduction of I2 in the complexes to 2I? using sodium sulfite to confirm whether the skin formed through the saponification was composed of PVA with high VA content. Obviously, characteristic blue color developments owing to I5?‐PVA complexes were observed in both saponified regions and a red in the PVAc core. Consequently, it was concluded that the PVA skins formed by heterogeneous surface saponification had high DSs. Such complexes endowed polymeric microspheres a good radiopacity which would be useful in clinical treatment of vascular diseases and were examined by X‐ray irradiation image. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
78.
79.
ZhangBaoji WangXieqing 《中国炼油与石油化工》2003,(3):49-52
A Ti/Si complex zeolite has been prepared. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectrometry study has shown that two structures, namely the ZSM-5 and MCM-41, exist in the sample. BET tests have revealed that the complex zeolite contains regular mesopores of 2.6 nm. Ultraviolet spectrometry analysis has shown that the Ti species exist in the zeolite skeleton in the form of tetra-coordinate valence. The Ti/Si complex zeolite (TS-1/Ti-MCM-41) has apparently improved catalytic activity with respect to the macromolecular organic compound oxidation as compared to individual components of either Ti or Si containing zeolites (TS-1 and Ti-MCM-41). 相似文献
80.
吸水膨胀型膨润土/交联聚丙烯酰胺颗粒堵剂 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
使丙烯酰胺、少量N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺在钙膨润土存在下进行水溶液引发接枝共聚合,聚合产物经造粒、粉碎、筛分,得到粒径0.5~1.0mm的颗粒堵剂。根据颗粒堵剂吸水量大小确定丙烯酰胺与膨润土最佳质量比为7:1,引发剂最佳用量为500g/t,交联剂最佳用量为300g/t,吸水量与这3个参数之间的关系曲线都经过最大值,颗粒堵剂在去离子水中的吸水量为560~650mL/g。该堵剂已大规模生产,在胜利、中原油田许多采油厂已用于调剖、堵水和调驱施工,在青海、江苏、大港、冀东等油田也已开始使用。在胜利东辛采油厂的一个井组,连续3个月在3口井注入该堵剂共27t,使井口压力上升3MPa,产油量大幅度增加。表l参l。 相似文献