利用测井资料评价钻井过程中的储层污染

钻井过程中的油层污染可分为泥浆固相颗粒侵入和滤液侵入2种类型.在分析泥浆污染导致的自然电位和深侧向、浅侧向、微侧向测井响应,以及含水饱和度变化量特征的基础上,归纳出了1种油层污染的定性判别方法和可动水分析污染类型的模型.给出了油层污染半径估算式,以及某井的油层污染测井评价试验图和分析数据表.     

感应电阻率测井侵入校正方法

在钻井过程中,井筒泥浆柱压力和地层压力的不平衡使得泥浆滤液不断渗入地层.由于泥浆滤液和地层水矿化度(电阻率)的不同,这种泥浆滤液渗入的结果使得侵入带地层电阻率发生了变化,从而影响了地层感应电阻率的测量结果.分析了测井环境对感应电阻率测井曲线的影响,论述了对感应电阻率测井曲线作侵入校正的基本原理,提出了一种实用的感应电阻率测井曲线侵入校正方法.经现场多口井的数字处理试验,证明效果良好.     

Utility of R0 as a predictor of disease invasion in structured populations

Early theoretical work on disease invasion typically assumed large and well-mixed host populations. Many human and wildlife systems, however, have small groups with limited movement among groups. In these situations, the basic reproductive number, R0, is likely to be a poor predictor of a disease pandemic because it typically does not account for group structure and movement of individuals among groups. We extend recent work by combining the movement of hosts, transmission within groups, recovery from infection and the recruitment of new susceptibles into a stochastic model of disease in a host metapopulation. We focus on how recruitment of susceptibles affects disease invasion and how population structure can affect the frequency of superspreading events (SSEs). We show that the frequency of SSEs may decrease with the reduced movement and the group sizes due to the limited number of susceptible individuals available. Classification tree analysis of the model results illustrates the hierarchical nature of disease invasion in host metapopulations. First, the pathogen must effectively transmit within a group (R0>1), and then the pathogen must persist within a group long enough to allow for movement among the groups. Therefore, the factors affecting disease persistence--such as infectious period, group size and recruitment of new susceptibles--are as important as the local transmission rates in predicting the spread of pathogens across a metapopulation.     

Empirical assessment of a threshold model for sylvatic plague.

Plague surveillance programmes established in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, during the previous century, have generated large plague archives that have been used to parameterize an abundance threshold model for sylvatic plague in great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) populations. Here, we assess the model using additional data from the same archives. Throughout the focus, population levels above the threshold were a necessary condition for an epizootic to occur. However, there were large numbers of occasions when an epizootic was not observed even though great gerbils were, and had been, abundant. We examine six hypotheses that could explain the resulting false positive predictions, namely (i) including end-of-outbreak data erroneously lowers the estimated threshold, (ii) too few gerbils were tested, (iii) plague becomes locally extinct, (iv) the abundance of fleas was too low, (v) the climate was unfavourable, and (vi) a high proportion of gerbils were resistant. Of these, separate thresholds, fleas and climate received some support but accounted for few false positives and can be disregarded as serious omissions from the model. Small sample size and local extinction received strong support and can account for most of the false positives. Host resistance received no support here but should be subject to more direct experimental testing.     

Next-generation tools for evolutionary invasion analyses

Evolutionary invasion analysis is a powerful technique for modelling in evolutionary biology. The general approach is to derive an expression for the growth rate of a mutant allele encoding some novel phenotype, and then to use this expression to predict long-term evolutionary outcomes. Mathematically, such ‘invasion fitness’ expressions are most often derived using standard linear stability analyses from dynamical systems theory. Interestingly, there is a mathematically equivalent approach to such stability analyses that is often employed in mathematical epidemiology, and that is based on so-called ‘next-generation’ matrices. Although this next-generation matrix approach has sometimes also been used in evolutionary invasion analyses, it is not yet common in this area despite the fact that it can sometimes greatly simplify calculations. The aim of this article is to bring the approach to a wider evolutionary audience in two ways. First, we review the next-generation matrix approach and provide a novel, and easily intuited, interpretation of how this approach relates to more standard techniques. Second, we illustrate next-generation methods in evolutionary invasion analysis through a series of informative examples. Although focusing primarily on evolutionary invasion analysis, we provide several insights that apply to biological modelling in general.     

针对网络恶意攻击并行入侵的仿真设计

为了解决传统网络攻击入侵方案在进行网络恶意攻击并行入侵时,存在攻击入侵成功率低、恶意攻击节点失效率高、网络攻击入侵耗时长的问题,提出针对网络恶意攻击并行入侵实验.分析网络恶意攻击中的重要攻击手段一虫洞攻击和并行入侵的网络结构;在抗原信号的基础上,利用树突状细胞算法构建异度方程,确定特征阈值,以确定的特征阈值作为选择入侵...     

On the existence of weak solutions of nonlinear degenerate parabolic system with variable exponents

The main goal of the present paper is establishing the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions for the nonlinear degenerate reaction–diffusion system with variable exponents. A model also is proposed to characterize the invasion of cancer cells towards healthy cells with acidification environment. Moreover, the main results of this paper are obtained using regularization problem, the Faedo–Galerkin approximation method, some apriori estimates, compactness results and the Gronwall Lemma.     

砂岩地层视电阻率计算及流体性质识别

以均质储集岩模型为基础,建立了油层、含可动水油层及水层视电阻率解释方程.提出地层流体替换率和泥浆滤液分配系数的概念.在淡水泥浆或盐水泥浆钻井条件下,采用地层流体替换率定量评价砂岩地层受钻井液污染程度.钻井液的电阻率越低,电阻率测井的失真度就越高,地层流体替换率越高,渗透性砂岩地层受钻井液的污染程度就越高.采用所建立的视...     

四川盆地老气田二次开发优化技术及应用

经过近60年的开发,四川盆地的许多老气田已进入低压、低产的开发中后期,部分气田虽然已濒临废弃,但其中仍尚存较多剩余天然气资源未采出。通过梳理分析,认为具备二次开发条件的气田多存在地层水活跃形成水封难以解封、低渗透储量难动用等问题。为此,从老气田二次开发的定义出发,全面阐述了其技术路线及优选条件:(1)在建立缝洞系统多储渗体模式的基础上,采用压力重整曲线进行地质模型正演、生产动态反演特征曲线诊断,提出了复杂岩溶缝洞系统多储渗体识别及定量描述方法,结合U型管气水赋存新模式,形成了强水侵多缝洞系统天然气储量计算新技术;(2)建立孔、洞、缝三重介质数值模型,形成强水侵底水缝洞气藏\"水平井排水+直井采气\"排采井网模拟及效果评价新技术;(3)依托精细气藏描述形成的配套集成技术,重构气藏地质模型,分类评价气藏低渗透储量,结合井网优化、水平井地质导向、分段酸化压裂等工艺技术,进一步提高有效动用率;(4)建立多节点、多环节输气管网模型,形成区域性管网整体模拟优化及预测技术。实施效果表明,该二次开发技术在老气田产能建设、提高老气田采收率、延缓老气田产量递减、稳定老气田产量等方面均具有明显成效。