基于激光视觉的角焊缝图像特征点提取

提出一种借助线激光从图像中提取角焊缝特征点的方法,克服了线激光在角焊缝表面的反光对提取光条中心线的影响,有效地识别出了角焊缝特征点. 首先,根据局部对比度区分实际光条与反光条纹,用阈值分割结合图像形态学方法分割出实际光条,并确定ROI区域;其次,根据光条截面的灰度分布提取光条中心点;最后,用迭代最小二乘法拟合分段光条中心线方程并确定角焊缝特征点. 结果表明,该方法能够快速准确地提取表面光亮角焊缝的亚像素图像特征点,在主频3.4 GHz的PC机上共用时0.35 s,能够满足焊接速度为0~25 mm/s的普通焊接设备的实时性要求.     

高强钢CO2激光-MAG复合焊接性能

为了研究CO₂激光-熔化极活性气体保护焊（MAG）复合焊接性能,采用CO₂激光和CO₂激光-MAG复合焊接590MPa级高强度钢,对其焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,激光-MAG复合焊接的焊缝金属中,MAG电弧作用区主要为珠光体和贝氏体,激光作用区主要为马氏体;激光-MAG复合焊接的焊缝金属中Mo和Mn合金元素的分布具有不均匀性;激光和激光-MAG复合焊接的试件焊接接头拉伸性能完全满足要求,焊缝强度高于基体强度;激光-电弧复合焊缝金属在-60℃～+15℃试验温度范围内的冲击韧性比激光焊缝金属高;激光-MAG复合焊接焊缝金属硬度在250～400 HV之间,高于基体金属的硬度.     

Pulsed laser ablation in liquid synthesis of ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite catalyst with enhanced photovoltaic and photocatalytic performance

In this work, we employed an impurity-free nanoparticle synthesis technique, known as pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), to integrate titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) into zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) with varying relative proportions. The main objective of this integration was to enhance the charge carrier separation of photo-generated electron hole pairs during solar irradiation. For the synthesis process, an Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm wavelength was applied as an ablation source, along with deionized water as a solvent medium in which the precursor materials were dispersed prior to laser irradiation. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis absorption and in-situ Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The synthesized nanocomposites were primarily utilised in two applications: firstly, as a catalyst in the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and secondly, as photo-anode in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Our research has demonstrated that optimal performance was obtained for the nanocomposite containing 10% and 90% (by weight) TiO₂ NPs and ZnO respectively, which we define as the ideal nanocomposite. Relative to pure ZnO, the photo-conversion efficiency of the ideal composite was improved substantially by 63.73%, whilst the photo-degradation rate was enhanced by 3 fold. The oxidation state and the microstructural of the segregated ideal nanocomposite confirms that oxygen vacancy defects were created when perfect surface integration occurs between TiO₂ and ZnO. Nonetheless, we believe that the performance enhancement is predominantly due to the excellent charge carrier separation and fast interfacial electron flow in this nanocomposite.     

Direct multipulse laser processing of titanium oxide–graphene oxide nanocomposite thin films

Nanocomposite thin films consisting of titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) and graphene oxide (GO) platelets were deposited by a spin-coating technique. The obtained films were submitted to direct laser irradiation using a frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG (λ=266 nm, τ_FWHM≅3 ns, ν=10 Hz) laser source. The effect of the laser processing conditions, as laser fluence value and number of subsequent laser pulses incident onto the same target location, on the surface morphology, crystalline structure, and chemical composition of the TiO₂/GO nanocomposite thin films was systematically investigated. The laser fluence values were maintained below the vaporization threshold of the irradiated composite material. With the increase of the laser fluence and number of incident laser pulses melting and coalescence of the TiO₂ NPs into inter-connected aggregates as well as rippling of the GO platelets take place. The gradual reduction of GO platelets and the onset of anatase to rutile phase transition were observed at high laser fluence values.     

Precise micromachining of yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal ceramic using 532 nm nanosecond laser

High quality micro-sized steps and blind hole structures without microcracks, chips or spatter deposition were machined on yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP, 3 mol% yttria) by nanosecond laser (wavelength=532 nm, pulse width ~6 ns). The diameter of blind hole is 500 μm and each step is 500±10 μm wide and 100±5 μm deep. The 1.35 mm³/min removal rate and the smooth machined surface with Ra=2.824 μm roughness depicting the high precise and efficient processing were achieved. The ablation characteristics of nanosecond laser process of Y-TZP ceramic were also studied. Based on the study, a reasonable design of the processing path for micromachining of a finer embedded step with 24±2 μm width (smaller than the 60 μm focused spot size) around the inner-wall of a 2×2 mm² cavity was developed. These results and discussion offer new possibilities in the manufacturing of bio-ceramic products by nanosecond laser with high processing quality and efficient.     

锆合金激光熔覆镍基复合层微观组织及界面特征

以Ni35自熔性合金粉末为熔覆材料,采用激光熔覆技术在锆合金表面原位生成了NiZr₂/陶瓷增强镍基涂层.利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等对熔覆界面附近的微观组织、物相组成及界面结合特征进行分析.结果表明,熔覆层基体组织为NiZr+Ni₁₀Zr₇,增强相NiZr₂以细针状均匀分布在熔覆层上部和底部,块状及棒状的陶瓷相Zr₅（Si_xNi_1-x）₄/Zr（Si_xNi_1-x）分布在熔覆层中部,熔覆层与基体间实现良好的熔焊冶金结合,界面结合区组织不均匀,分布有等轴状NiZr及晶间的α-Zr,熔覆层的显微硬度分布均匀,平均值约为1 100 Hv.     

TiO2活性剂对不锈钢激光焊接等离子体声发射效应的影响

针对不锈钢采用添加TiO₂活性剂进行活性脉冲激光焊接研究,通过实时检测焊接过程的结构负载声发射信号,研究了激光焊接过程等离子体信息的表征方法及其活性焊接机理.结果表明,添加TiO₂活性剂增强了材料对激光能量的吸收,增强了等离子体的能量及其对材料的传热,从而影响焊接过程传热效应,这是添加TiO₂活性剂的脉冲激光焊接熔深增加的主要机理.利用实时检测焊接过程中的等离子体声发射信号可以对活性脉冲激光焊接过程的等离子体变化行为进行检测和评估.由焊接过程中采集得到的等离子体声发射信号统计而来的振铃计数特征值,以及计算而来的RMS波形和相应信号的功率谱分布,均反映了活性剂的添加增强了激光焊接过程等离子在时频域上的活动.     

激光扫描表面特征的点云数据处理方法

为了提高激光测量系统对工件表面特征的测量精度,减少数据处理中由于特征点云拟合选择对测量精度的影响,针对比较常见的两种表面特征提出了正确的拟合方式。从工件表面的实测数据出发,经过多次实验,结合表面测量特征的拟合原理,分析不同点云处理方法之间的差异,并给出了最适合该特征的拟合方式及其原因。实验表明,不同的点云拟合方式对特征测量的影响比较大,选择正确的拟合方式才能保证测量的准确性。     

光纤光栅反射率分布对外腔半导体激光器的影响

在三腔镜近似的条件下,利用等效腔模型,完成了光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器(FBGECL)的理论建模。利用光纤布拉格光栅相关理论,对FBG-ECL模型进行了修正,着重考虑了光纤布拉格光栅的反射率分布、中心波长偏移以及边模抑制比对FBG-ECL性能的影响。对FBG-ECL的等效反射率、阈值增益和线宽特性进行了数值分析。结果表明,在考虑光纤布拉格光栅中心波长与设计波长偏移量、光栅反射率分布以及边模抑制比后,等效腔理论模型更加符合实际情况,可以更为准确地分析实际情况中FBG-ECL的相关特性,对设计应用于FBG-ECL的光纤光栅有一定的指导意义。     

基于SLM工艺制备的C250马氏体时效钢的工艺优化及其组织

采用SLM工艺制备C250马氏体时效钢,并通过金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)、密度测量仪等,探究SLM工艺参数对C250马氏体时效钢致密度与组织的影响,并对优化SLM工艺制备所得C250马氏体时效钢的形貌与显微组织进行分析。结果表明,当能量密度处于85～120 J/mm³时,试验钢致密度高于99.5%,组织致密无明显缺陷。当激光功率270 W、扫描速率700 mm/s、扫描间距0.11 mm、铺粉层厚0.03 mm时,致密度可达100%。最优SLM工艺下C250钢的主要相成分为马氏体,可达到97.13%,其内部晶粒极其细小,约为2.7μm,基体内部存在强化相和位错,对C250钢起强化作用。