Mineralogy of clean coal combustion by-products

Coal combustion technologies are changing in order to burn coal more cleanly. Many “clean combustion“ and postcombustion technologies are developed to remove SO2 and NOx gases, particulate matter during combustion, or from the flue gases leaving the furnace. This paper focuses on three types of fly ash (flue gas desulfurization (FGD) residuals, atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) residuals and sorbent duct injection (SDI) residuals) which produced by “the clean combustion“ and postcombustion technologies. The residuals formed by FGD are PCFA (pulverized coal fly ash) grains entrained with reacted and unreacted sorbent and have lower bulk densities than PCFA grains because it contains higher concentrations of calcium and sulfur, and lower concentrations of silicon, aluminum and iron than PCFAs. AFBC residuals consist of spent bed which is a heterogeneous mixture of coarse-grained bed material and irregularly shaped, unfused, spherical PCFAs. The main crystalline phases in AFBC residuals are anhydrite (reacted sorbent), quartz and lime (unreacted sobent), calcite, hematite, periclase, magnetite and feldspars.The residuals produced by SDI contained 65%-70% PCFA with the larger sizes material being irregularly shaped, fused or roughedged. The reaction products of sorbent (portlandite and lime) included calcium sulfate (anhydrite) and calcium sulfate. The chemical properties of these residuals are similar to those of high calcium PCFAs because of the high alkalinity and high pH of these residuals.     

陆良与保山盆地第三系浅层气田开发规律探讨

以云南陆良、保山盆地第三系浅层气田为例,结合国内外浅层气田的开发经验,探讨浅层气田的开发规律,以指导同类气田的开发.浅层气田一般气藏规模小,气柱高度小;产层疏松,大部分气藏为有水气藏;生产时气藏无水生产时间短、稳产时间短,气井容易出水、出砂,其开发规律明显区别于中深层整装构造型气藏.针对陆良、保山浅层气田生产表现的"三低"(低单井日产水平、低采气速率、低采出程度),气井见水快,井筒容易积液,产层容易出砂,出水大则出砂也大等特点,提出以下对策:(1)依据多井小压差原则,进一步完善井网,避免频繁激动气井;(2)严格按.规定压差生产,及时确定气井"三稳定"的最佳工作制度,生产中;(3)尽量减少或杜绝井口气量调节,更不能轻易关井;(4)一旦发生气井水淹,尽快采取措施,避免造成井底或地层的严重污染,给复产带来困难;(5)加强气田生产测井、试井、产能测试,取全取准各项资料,及时进行动态分析与动态监测,对生产中出现的问题做到早发现、早解决.从而保证气田平稳、正常开采.     

全钒液流电池隔膜在钒溶液中的性能

考察了Nafion、日-160、日-80、FYM(日本产Nafion膜)和均相膜5种离子交换膜的两个关键性能(渗透性和面电阻)及其影响因素,对均相膜的化学稳定性进行了初步研究,并对两种膜进行了改性。实验发现:均相膜的钒扩散系数最小,但面电阻较大,化学稳定性不好;用二乙烯苯(DVB)对均相膜改性,综合性能较好;减小电场可降低钒离子扩散,提高钒溶液中氢离子浓度可减小面电阻。     

Low-temperature X-ray microanalysis of the differentiating vascular tissue in root tips of Lemna minor L

The fracture faces of bulk-frozen tissue offer a number of advantages for the analysis of diffusible elements. They are easy to prepare, remain uncontaminated, and, unlike most frozen-hydrated sections, can be shown to exist in a fully hydrated state throughout examination and analysis. Root tips of Lemna minor briefly treated with a polymeric cryoprotectant are quench frozen in melting nitrogen. Fractures are prepared using the AMRAY Biochamber, lightly etched if necessary to reveal surface detail and carbon coated while maintaining the specimen at 110 K. The frozen-hydrated fracture faces are analysed at 110 K using the P/B ratio method which is less sensitive to changes in surface geometry and variations in beam current. The method has been used to investigate the distribution of seven elements (Na+, Mg⁺⁺, P, S, Cl^?, K+ and Ca⁺⁺) in the developing vascular tissue of the root tip. The microprobe can measure relative elemental ratios at the cellular level and the results from this present study reveal important variations in different parts of the root. The younger, more actively dividing cells, appear to have a slightly higher concentration of diffusible ions in comparison to the somewhat older tissues which have begun to differentiate into what are presumed to be functional vascular elements.     

小流量灰浆泵组合密封设计

用于输送含有细小颗粒流体的小流量（0．5～5t／h）氢氧化钙浆液泵的机械密封，极易被溶液中含有的固体颗粒磨损而丧失密封性能。针对这一问题，提出了一种背叶片加上橡胶波纹管机械密封组合的密封结构，并辅之以溢流结构来保护电机，从而解决了灰浆泵的密封问题，延长了泵的使用寿命，使泵装置的体积大大缩小，且易于维修。本文阐述了这种组合密封结构的原理及尺寸设计。     

考虑动作误差的低励限制与失磁保护定值配合方法研究

关于低励限制与失磁保护定值匹配的研究多聚焦于将其转换到同一功率平面或阻抗平面进行校核的方法,鲜有文献考虑实际装置动作特性对定值匹配结果的影响。该文从理论上详细分析各参数变化对失磁保护和低励限制的影响,提出基于装置动作误差的低励限制与失磁保护定值匹配校核原则,并论述定值失配时的定值调整方法,为当前各发电厂开展低励限制与失磁保护定值校核及整定提供了有效指导原则。     

克拉2气田异常高压特征及成因

克拉2气田异常高压的主要特征是：异常高压储层的顶部存在下第三系巨厚的盐岩、膏泥岩盖层,封闭性能良好;含气面积大,储量高;断层对气藏的形成和保存起关键作用。本研究区异常高压形成的主控因素是构造抬升和水平构造挤压应力。喜山晚期构造运动导致地层大幅抬升,遭受剥蚀而垂向、侧向上良好的封闭性使得孔隙流体压力得以保存;侧向挤压应力又加剧了异常高压的程度。     

强化甲醇制氢反应的酚醛树脂基炭膜制备

为了强化甲醇制氢反应,分别以酚醛树脂和间苯二酚-甲醛为前驱体,制备了炭膜及复合炭膜.采用扫描电镜和氮气物理吸附等手段对炭膜及复合炭膜的微观形貌与孔径分布进行了分析.考察了原料粒度及固化剂用量对炭膜孔结构以及涂膜次数对复合膜分离性能的影响,并将所制备的炭膜与复合炭膜耦合在反应器内用于强化甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应.结果表明,当固化剂质量分数为6%时,炭膜孔径分布最窄,且平均孔径为0.16μm.随涂膜次数从1次增至3次,复合炭膜的透气性先降低后增大.对于甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应的转化率而言,炭膜与复合炭膜反应器分别比传统固定床提高了1.6倍和1.9倍.     

超短半径水平井开采煤层气的探讨

超短半径径向钻井系统可以在0 3m半径的立井井段中,完成从垂直转向水平,保证水平井准确进入目的层,并采用高压水射流破岩形成水平井眼,解决了常规钻水平井技术所遇到的施加钻压困难和钻杆旋转所带来的一系列问题,减少了井下事故的发生并提高了钻井速度.本文通过对超短半径径向钻井系统的基本原理和施工方法的详细介绍,试图把超短半径径向钻井系统这项先进技术作为一个新的技术手段引入煤层气开采中来,以提高煤层气的采出率.     

Prediction of Detrimental Effects of Accidental Toxic Gas Leakage from a Chemical Plant

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