基于广义Hoek-Brown准则的节理岩体力学参数折剪计算

节理化岩体力学参数是矿山工程地质和稳定性分析的重要基础数据,一般在实验室通过单轴、三轴试验只能得到岩石的力学参数,无法得到岩体的力学参数。目前,利用岩石力学参数确定岩体力学参数的方法较多,但都过于烦琐或准确度不高,急需一种新的简易确定方法。因此,通过利用基于广义Hoek-Brown准则的地质强度指标（GSI法）,并结合相应的岩土分析软件,强度折剪岩石力学参数值,从而得到岩体的力学参数。通过将该方法应用于赤峰中色白音诺尔矿业有限公司岩体力学参数的计算中,证明采用该方法考虑岩体的结构面和完整性,可较为准确地反映节理化岩体的力学特性,且方便可行,具有工程实用价值。?     

Partial acidulation of an ‘unground’ phosphate rock: II. Plant availability of phosphate

Four greenhouse experiments were conducted using three soils to determine the availability to plants of P from unground North Carolina phosphate rock (PR) treated with 20% to 50% of the H₃PO₄ required for complete acidulation. The influences of soil P retention, P status, the method of preparation of partially acidulated phosphate rocks (PAPRs) and the granule size of the products were investigated. Perennial ryegrass was grown as the test plant for up to 8 months. Triple superphosphate (TSP) was used as the standard fertilizer and unground North Carolina rock was included for comparison.The dry matter yield and P uptake response curves showed that in all experiments PAPRs were markedly superior to the PR. P status of soils appeared to influence the effectiveness of PAPRs to a greater extent than P retention. In soils of low P status the degree of acidulation required for PAPR to be nearly or as effective as TSP was 50% whereas in a soil of high P status even 30% PAPR applied as a maintenance fertilizer was effective. There was a significant positive correlation between water soluble P of fertilizers and P uptake by ryegrass. However, in general PAPRs were more effective per unit of water soluble P than TSP. Granule size (< 1 mm and 1–2 mm) and method of preparation of PAPRs did not alter the effectiveness of PAPRs.     

软弱破碎围岩隧道二衬施作的合理时机判别研究

为了合理判别软弱破碎围岩隧道的二衬施作时机,结合工程实践,通过洞室拱顶沉降和边墙变形收敛的现场监控量测,提出了利用围岩-初支系统变形实测数据判别软弱破碎围岩隧道二衬施作合理时机的考虑支护是否保守的五级速率比值法并研发了相应的软件,并通过工程实例进行了成功验证。研究表明：1研制的软件操作具有界面简洁、友好,以及操作简单易用的特点,具有测点围岩-初支系统位移和收敛的现场监测数据的录入、储存、修改和管理等功能,能方便地进行软弱破碎围岩隧道的二衬合理时机判别;2通过工程实例验证分析表明,提出的方法是可行的,与现行的二衬时机选择的方法本质上是相同的,但更加具有可操作性,研究成果可以为同类型隧道的二衬时机选择提供可资借鉴的方法。     

Agronomical evaluation of phosphate fertilizer as a nutrient source of phosphorus for crops: Isotopic procedure

The agronomic effectiveness of P fertilizers, as sources of phosphorus for crops, was evaluated using the quantities, P_f, of phosphorus taken up byLolium perenne grown on 14 soils during greenhouse experiments in pot cultures. The P_f quantities were determined using³²P-labelled fertilizers. Data were analysed using a new concept: the Isotopic Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (IRAE). The IRAE value was defined as the ratio of the P_f quantity, taken up by a crop, of a tested fertilizer over the P_f quantity, taken up by a crop, of a fertilizer used as standard. In our experiments diammonium phosphate (DAP) was used as standard P fertilizer and two rock phosphates, the North Carolina rock phosphate (NCPR) and a calcium-iron-aluminium phosphate (Phospal), were tested. As a linear relationship between P_f(NCPR) quantities and P_f(DAP) quantities was obtained, with r² = 0.95, when the application rates increased from 15 mgP (kg soil)^–1 to 200 mgP (kg soil)^–1, it is conciuded that IRAE values for a given fertilizer, other than the standard fertilizer, could be determined with a single rate of application. As regards soil pH in the range 4.7 to 8.2 the IRAE_NCPR is related to soil pH by a curvilinear relationship: log IRAE_NCPR = –(0.44) pH + 4.05 with r² = 0.89. The average of IRAE_phospal values was 0.15 with a standard error = 7% irrespective of soil pH. Then a logarithmic relationship was obtained between IRAE values of the two tested fertilizers and their water P-solubility determined at the soil pH where they were applied.     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels -- Elasto-plastic analysis of stress field of enclosing rock mass

The zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) is a typical phenomenon in deep block rock masses. In order to investigate the mechanism of ZDP, an improved non-linear Hock-Brown strength criterion and a bi-linear constitutive model of rock mass were used to analyze the elasto-plastic stress field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep round tunnel. The radius of the plastic region and stress of the enclosing rock mass were obtained by introducing dimensionless parameters of radial distance. The results show that tunneling in deep rock mass causes a maximum stress zone to appear in the vicinity of the boundary of the elastic and the plas-tic zone in the surrounding rock mass. Under the compression of a large tangential force and a small radial force, the rock mass in the maximum stress zone was in an approximate uniaxial loading state, which could lead to a split failure in the rock mass.     

基于SEM的干湿循环蚀变花岗岩分形特征与力学特性演化规律

分形维数是对岩石裂隙、破碎程度和损伤等细观特征的定量描述,岩石的细观结构往往会对宏观强度特征产生较大的影响。为了研究干湿循环侵水对蚀变花岗岩细观特征的影响,基于电镜扫描(SEM)试验,得到了经历不同干湿循环次数的蚀变花岗岩的细观图像,并通过盒维数法计算得到各岩样的分形维数,建立基于分形维数的细观损伤演化方程;其次,通过室内单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度试验,获得不同干湿循环次数下蚀变花岗岩的力学特性。通过试验数据,得到了干湿循环次数及分形维数分别与岩石强度特性和弹性参数的关系。研究表明:岩石干湿循环次数的增加在宏观上表现为抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度以及弹性模量的减小;在细观上表现为分形维数的增大;泊松比不受此影响。分形维数将岩石细观特征量化、建立了细观和宏观的联系。研究结果可为衡量蚀变花岗岩强度特性的指标提供依据。     

基于应变率损伤本构模型的围岩分区破裂化现象数值模拟

为了探究深部巷道围岩的分区破裂化现象,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件数值模拟,使用Cowper-Symonds本构模型结合GISSMO模型,将巷道的开挖视为动力过程。从岩石的细观角度出发,考虑岩石的应变率效应以及损伤对岩石的力学性质的影响,构建应变率损伤本构模型。同时结合应力三轴度,以更全面地描述岩石在各种应力条件下的力学特性,并基于最大应变和最大拉应力准则建立单元破坏准则。对岩石进行单轴压缩数值、掘进开挖法模拟及实际观测的结果表明:岩石单轴压缩全应力-应变曲线拟合效果较好;掘进开挖速率对分区破裂化现象有影响;掘进开挖法的分区破裂化模拟结果与实际观测数据具有一定的一致性。提出的模型对于围岩分区破裂化现场的模拟及预测有一定的参考意义。     

大型抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩变形时效特征和反馈分析

丰宁抽水蓄能电站地下厂房洞室群的施工期围岩变形具有量值大、时效特征明显、不同深度围岩均可能发生变形的特点。为研究该地下厂房围岩变形时效特征,基于工程地质条件和监测数据,开展围岩变形机制研究。分析结果表明:地下厂房围岩变形的分布特征和时效特性,既与围岩在开挖卸荷后所出现的岩体质量下降、围岩强度减小、岩体蚀变现象有关,也与围岩内存在节理裂隙或断层等不连续地质结构在开挖卸荷作用下易发生张开或错动有关。采用由伯格斯流变模型与带拉伸截止限的摩尔-库伦塑性屈服准则组合而成的复合黏弹塑性模型,进行围岩流变力学参数反演,获得了与监测值吻合较好的围岩变形和变形时程曲线计算结果。根据洞室群围岩开挖支护稳定性分析结果,可知截至主厂房第V层开挖支护完毕,洞周围岩局部变形和塑性区深度均较大,且塑性区贯穿主厂房和主变室洞间岩柱,围岩稳定性总体较差。因此,主厂房在第V层开挖完毕后暂停继续下挖,专门进行洞室群的系统性加强支护是必要的。     

大型地下洞室上层爆破开挖对下层围岩振动特性的影响

某地下实验厅采用上、下层同时爆破开挖,最后进行贯通的开挖施工方案。采用现场爆破试验监测的手段,研究了上层水平钻孔爆破开挖时下层围岩的质点峰值振动速度及频率特性,分析了上层爆破开挖对下层围岩动力稳定的影响。研究结果表明,大型地下洞室上层水平钻孔爆破开挖时,爆炸地震波能量主要向下层岩体传播,致使下层洞室顶拱处的振动速度大于上层底板相同距离处的振动速度;爆破振动主要以剪切波(SV波)的形式向下层岩体传播,下层洞室围岩在平行于炮孔纵轴向(实验厅纵轴向)方向上的振动速度最大;由于上层的爆破振动以体波的形式在岩体内向下层传播,下层围岩的振动频率更高。     

坝基岩体开挖卸荷松弛特征分析及加固措施——以锦屏一级拱坝为例

结合高地应力环境下锦屏一级坝基岩体开挖卸荷松弛特征,分析了坝基岩体开挖不同锚固措施的加固效果,并根据工程现场坝基岩体开挖锚固措施的试验成果,对高地应力环境下坝基岩体不同开挖加固方案进行了对比分析,提出了锦屏一级坝基岩体的开挖实施方案,有效地降低了开挖卸荷松弛对坝基岩体质量的二次损伤。建议在河床高地应力部位实行先锚后挖的施工程序,保护层开挖滞后时间为2~3个月。